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HUS History
Midterm Cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Sherman Antitrust Act | -outlawed mergers and monopolies |
| Vertical Integration | -controlling all aspects of manufacturing from start to finish--> Carnegie’s approach |
| Horizontal Integration | - the merger of 2 or more companies which are in the same line of business--> Rockefeller’s approach |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | -powerful railroad tycoon-->linked NY to Chicago • also worked in shipping |
| Andrew Carnegie | - sold his steel business to the US Steel Corporation • the richest corporation in the world o made Carnegie one of the wealthiest men in the world -Bessemer process |
| John D. Rockefeller | - gained control of the oil industry through his company, Standard Oil |
| J.P. Morgan | -powerful banker and financier • bailed out US gov’t |
| Eugene Debs | - ran for president on the Socialist Party ticket five times • demanded gov’t ownership of railroads • wanted workers to organize industrial unions |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | -focused on specific workers’ issues--> wages, hours, and conditions • led by Samuel Gompers |
| Knights of Labor | - sought to organize workers • sought broad social reforms |
| International Workers of the World | -aka Wobblies • union founded by radicals including Eugene Debs o wanted to create a socialist society |
| Gospel of Wealth | -called on those who accumulated wealth to share it for the betterment of society • written by Carnegie |
| Social Darwinism | -life consists of a struggle in which only the fittest survive |
| Monopoly | - single corporations that control entire industries |
| Homestead Strike | -fighting between steelworkers and Carnegie’s business partner • strike crushed --> the union of skilled workers in the plant was broken apart |
| Haymarket Riot | -erupted during a labor rally in Chicago • someone threw a bomb which killed police officers • gov authorities rounded up eight anarchists and convicted them of conspiracy to commit murder |
| Pullman Strike | -began when the Pullman Company (passenger cars) cut hours and wages • American Railway Union, led by Debs, helped Pullman workers • federal troops arrived to protect the railroads -->Debs imprisoned |
| Laissez-Faire | -government didn’t intervene in people’s lives/economy • if it did, the gov’t sided with the wealthy and conservative |
| Push Factors of Immigration | -religious persecution -poverty -lack of opportunity -famine -mandatory military service |
| Pull Factors of Immigration | -money -religious/political freedom -pursuit of happiness -opportunity -jobs/land available |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | -excludes Chinese immigrants |
| Tammany Hall | -offered new immigrants a voice in the system • provided services and assistance |
| Election of 1896 | -Republican McKinley v. Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryan--> McKinley won • gold • supported by industrialists/big business • no campaign |
| William Jennings Bryan | -Populist--> “free silver,” supported by farmers, campaigned across the country giving speeches |
| Thomas Nast | -exposed Boss Tweed through political cartoons published in Harper's Weekly |
| Jim Crow Laws | -legal segregation of blacks and whites |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | -separate but equal segregation upheld |
| Muckrakers | -journalists/writers/photographers who dramatized the need for reform and uncovered the problems in America • T. Roosevelt gave them this name --> wrote one-sided, ugly stories |
| Social Gospel | - society could be improved if one followed the Bible’s teachings • by Walter Rauschenbusch |
| Initiative | -gave voters the power to propose laws |
| Referendum | -allowed citizens to approve/reject laws |
| Recall | -voters could remove public servants from office before their terms ended |
| Direct Primary | -an election in which citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections |
| Woman’s Suffrage | -the right to vote • Wyoming was the first state to grant female suffrage |
| 16th Amendment | -created a graduated income tax |
| 17th Amendment | -allowed for the direct election of senators by voters |
| 18th Amendment | -outlawed the production and sale of alcohol |
| 19th Amendment | -gave women the right to vote |
| Temperance Movement | -promoted the practice of never drinking alcohol-->led men to waste money, neglect their families, and abuse their wives |
| Teddy Roosevelt | -Republican President (Progressive) -focus on corporations, consumers, conservation -big stick diplomacy -Square Deal |
| "Big Stick" Diplomacy | -Teddy Roosevelt's program -depended on a strong military to achieve America's goals |
| Square Deal | -Teddy Roosevelt's program intended to keep the wealthy/powerful from taking advantage of others -play by the rules -fair treatment |
| William Howard Taft | -Republican President (old guard) -hesitant -dollar diplomacy to increase American investments |
| The Elkins Act | -imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers |
| The Hepburn Act | -gave the ICC strong enforcement powers • gov’t could limit shipping costs and set max prices for tolls, ferries, etc. |
| The Meat Inspection Act | -meat-processing plants and meat sold across state lines required federal inspection |
| The Pure Food and Drug Act | -regulated foods and medicines • banned interstate shipment of impure food and mislabeling |
| Election of 1912 | -Teddy Roosevelt (Bull Moose Platform-New Nationalism)v. Taft v. *Wilson (Democrat-New Freedom)*won |
| New Nationalism | -program to restore the governments trust-busting power |
| New Freedom | -strict anti-trust laws, more opportunity for small business, encourage competition |
| Woodrow Wilson | -attacked the “triple wall of privilege”--> tariffs, banks, trusts -moral diplomacy--> no more US territory taken by conquest |
| Settlement House | -a community center that provided social services to the urban poor • Hull House--> a settlement house in Chicago |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | -specified illegal business activities |
| The Federal Reserve Act | -placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board • regional banks hold reserve funds (12) |
| White Man’s Burden | -poem by Rudyard Kipling published in McClure’s magazine • told white men to colonize other nations for the benefit of their inhabitants |
| Imperialism | -the policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories |
| Alfred T. Mahan | -US naval officer emphasized sea power and a large navy • wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History • US expanded/modernized their navy in response to his ideas |
| Mathew Perry | -sailed a fleet of warships to Japan • made a treaty that opened Japan to trade with the US -received the rights to build an American naval base at Pearl Harbor |
| The Maine | -explodes in Cuba--> US declares war on Spain -begins Spanish-American War |
| The Treaty of Paris | -ended the Spanish-American war |
| Platt Amendment | US gets Guantanamo Bay Cuba can’t make treaties w/ other nations w/o American approval US can intervene if necessary to preserve order |
| Open Door Policy | -America wasn’t interested in Chinese colonies, only free trade |
| Monroe Doctrine | -told Europe not to intervene in Latin America |
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine | -the US would assume the role of police power in Latin America |
| Espionage Act | -allowed postal authorities to ban treasonable/seditious printed materials from the mail during WWI |
| Sedition Act | -made it unlawful to use negative language about the government, Constitution, or military forces during WWI |
| Schenck v. United States | -upheld the Sedition Act--> times when First Amendment protections of speech don't apply |
| Committee on Public Information | -responsible for educating the public about the causes and nature of WWI--> directed by George Creel |
| War Industries Board | • regulated industries engaged in the war effort during WWI-->production #/price |
| Triple Entente | France, Great Britain, Russia |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire |
| Allied Powers (WWI) | Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Italy, and US (later) |
| Great Migration | -movement of African Americans to the industrial North during WWI |
| Treaty of Versailles | -ends WWI |
| Red Scare | -fear of communism/revolution -Palmer Raids--> arrested people and deported radicals |
| The Teapot Dome Scandal | -Harding's secretary of interior Albert Fall leased the properties of oilmen for bribes--> imprisoned |
| Louis Armstrong | -jazz musician who played the trumpet -first introduced the concept of soloists |
| Bessie Smith | -vocal jazz soloist |
| Buying on Margin | -a form of buying on credit used to purchase stock |
| Installment Buying | -a consumer would make a small down payment and then pay off the rest of the debt over time--> used to purchase consumer goods |
| Charles Lindbergh | -flew from Long Island to Paris • first pilot to fly across the Atlantic alone and non-stop |
| Fundamentalism | -American Christians reaffirmed their belief in the basic/fundamental truths of their religion • every word in the Bible was literal truth |
| Langston Hughes | -most powerful African American literary voice during Harlem Renaissance • captured the diversity of everyday African American life |
| Marcus Garvey | -promoted universal black nationalism -“Back to Africa” movement -advocated separation of the races -sent to prison for fraud--> deported to Jamaica |
| Volstead Act | -set up to enforce the 18th Amendment (Prohibition) |
| National Origins Act | -used census from 1890 (before mass immigration) to determine how many immigrants were allowed over • excluded many southern and eastern Europeans and Asians |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | -Italian anarchists charged w/ robbery/murder • found guilty--> executed (b/c of ethnicity and political views) |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | -treaty to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy ratified by 62 nations • unenforceable |
| Washington Naval Disarmament Conference | -tried to prevent a naval arms race--> limited construction of large warships |
| Dawes Plan | - arranged US loans to Germany-->enabled Germany to make reparations to France/GB-->could repay war debts to the US |
| Volunteerism | -Hoover's Great Depression policy--motivated businessmen/laborers to voluntarily work toward common goals -->fails |
| Localism | -Hoover's belief during the Great Depression--problems could be best solved at local/state levels |
| Rugged Individualism | -Hoover's belief during the Great Depression--people better themselves through their own efforts |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | -Hoover's activist policy during Depression-- raised prices on foreign imports so they couldn’t compete w/ American products--> destroyed international trade |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) | -Hoover's activist policy during Depression--gave over a billion dollars of loans to railroads/large businesses/banks |
| The Brain Trust | -FDR's advisors |
| New Deal | -FDR's actions to combat the Great Depression--> Federal gov't played an active role |
| First 100 Days | -FDR passed 15 bills during this time in office known as the First New Deal--goals: relief, recovery, reform |
| Fireside Chats | -FDR's informal radio speeches--> reassured the people during the depression |
| Francis Townsend | -proposed forced retirement program |
| Charles Coughlin | -Roman Catholic priest with a radio show--> criticized FDR for not doing enough to fight the depression |
| Huey "Kingfish" Long | -Louisiana governor--> proposed the Share Our Wealth Program to redistribute income to the poor |
| John Maynard Keynes | -believed deficit spending was needed to end the depression; pump priming theory--> putting people to work on public projects put money into the hands of consumers |
| Collective Bargaining | -process in which employers negotiate w/ labor unions about hours, wages, and working conditions |
| Court Packing | -FDR's attempt to add new justices to the Supreme Court so they would vote for New Deal legislation |
| Totalitarian State | -single party dictatorship w/ strong charismatic leader & state controlled economy |
| Munich Pact | -GB/France give Hitler the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia)--> Hitler later violated it taking over all of Czechoslovakia |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Allies (WWII) | Britain, France, Soviet Union, US, China |
| Blitzkrieg | -German “lightning war” against Poland--> German victory |
| Winston Churchill | -British prime minister during WWII |
| Neutrality Acts of 1935,1936,1937 | -prohibited Americans from sailing on ships owned by belligerents, making loans to belligerents, or selling munitions to belligerents (WWII) |
| Neutrality Act of 1939 | -cash-and-carry provision--> allowed France/GB to buy goods/arms in the US if they paid cash and carried the goods on their own ships (WWII) |
| Tripartite Pact | -WWII alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan |
| Lend-Lease Act | -authorized FDR to lease/lend arms or supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the US during WWII |
| Atlantic Charter | -endorsed national self-determination and a new league of nations (UN)--> signed by FDR and Churchill during WWII |
| Douglas MacArthur | -WWII Commander of US Forces in Asia-->Bataan |
| Dwight Eisenhower | -commanded Allies in North Africa, Italy, and D-Day during WWII |
| George Patton | -WWII commander of American forces in North Africa |
| War Production Board (WPB) | -set up to oversee conversion of peacetime to war industry during WWII |
| Office of War Mobilization (OWM) | -supervised other efforts during WWII-->allocation, regulation |
| Tuskegee Airmen | -African American fighter squadron in WWII--> didn’t lose a single bomber |
| Double V Campaign | -African American mission for victory against fascism abroad and discrimination at home during WWII |
| Executive Order 8802 | -assured fair hiring practices in any job funded w/ government money--> established the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce it (WWII) |
| Office of War Information (OWI) | -worked with media to encourage support of war effort (WWII) |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944 |
| Holocaust | -the Nazi attempt to kill all Jews under their control-->murdered 6 million European Jews |
| War Refugee Board | -worked w/ Red Cross to save Jews during Holocaust |
| Harry Truman | -FDR dies of polio in the middle of the war--> Truman takes over |
| Yalta Conference | -first WWII conference--> FDR, Churchill, and Stalin |
| Potsdam | -second WWII conference--> Truman, Clement Atlee (new PM), and Stalin |
| Geneva Convention | -established an international agreement on the humane treatment of wounded soldiers/prisoners-->Axis had violated during WWII |
| Nuremberg Trials | -Allies prosecuted Nazis for war crimes during WWII-->pleaded they were just following orders-->hanged/prison sentences |
| Fourteen Points | -Wilson's ideal post-WWI agreement promoting peace and freedom |
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