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1877-1920 Sec 1
Social Studies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What controlled the local government in many cities? | Political Machines |
| What is a Political Machine? | A powerful organization linked to political parties |
| In each political district what was a representative that controlled jobs and services? | Political Boss |
| How did political bosses gain votes for their parties? | By doing favors for people(offering turkey dinners and summer boat rides, providing jobs for immigrants, and helping needy families) |
| What is a kickback? | An arrangement in which contractors padded the amount of their bill for city work and paid or "kicked back"a percentage of that amount to the bosses. |
| How did corrupt politicians make money? | Accepted bribes, campaign contributions from contractors, kick backs. |
| Who was one of the most corrupt city bosses? | William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed) |
| What was Tweeds network of city officials? | The Tweed ring |
| What political cartoonist exposed the Tweed ring's operations? | Thomas Nast |
| What happened to Tweed? | He was convicted and sentenced to prison. |
| Who was the successful civic reformer, the mayor of Cleveland, Ohio until 1909, and what did he battle? | Tom Johnson, he battled corporations and party bosses to lower streetcar fares, improve food inspections, and build parks. |
| What is the spoils system and what else was it called? | Rewarding political supporters with jobs and favors.Also known as patronage. |
| Which presidents wanted to get rid of the spoils system? | Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield |
| What is the civil service? | The body of non elected government workers. |
| How did Rutherford B. Hayes try to get rid of the spoils system and what was the outcome of this attempt? | Reform the Civil Service. Outcome unsuccessful- neither the Democrats or the Republicans supported his efforts. |
| Who succeeded President James Garfield after he was assassinated? | Chester A. Arthur |
| What act was passed in 1883 and what did it establish? | The Pendleton Act, it established the Civil Service Commission |
| What did the Civil Service Commission set up? | Competitive examinations for federal jobs, applicants had to demonstrate their abilities. |
| Whom did the spoils system reward? | The spoils system rewarded unqualified people who got jobs for political support. |
| What is a trust? | Combinations of companies that were becoming too large. |
| What act was passed in 1890 to regulate big businesses? | The Sherman Antitrust Act. |
| What was the result of the Sherman Antitrust Act in the 1890's? | It wasn't used to curb business, rather to act against labor unions, claiming that union strikes interfered with trade. |
| What is a market structure in which a few large companies control the prices of the industry? | Oligopoly |
| What did the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) do? | Required railroads to charge "reasonable and just" rates and to publish those rates. |
| What did the Interstate Commerce Commission do? | Supervised the railroad industry and later the trucking industry. |
| In 1890 what did the Republicans do to protect American businesses from international competition? | Raised Tariffs |
| President that supported lower tariffs. | Grover Cleveland (1893) |
| What did Socialists believe? | That a nation's resources and major industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of all the people not by individuals and private companies for their own profit. |
| What did Eugene V. Debs do? | Helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898 and in the early 1900's won some support for the party. |
| What did Progressives believe? | The government should regualte industry and industry should not be owned by the government.Also wanted to maek government better able to resist influence of powerful business.Society had an obligation to protect members. |
| How did journalists aid the reformers? | Exposed corruption |
| What were muckrakers? | journalists that brought problems to the attention of the public.Brought to light the dirt and corruption underlying society. |
| Who was one of the most effective muckrakers? | Lincoln Steffens- exposed corrupt machine politics in New York and Chicago. His book The Shame of the Cities strengthened the demand for urban reform. |
| What did Ida Tarbell do? | descrived the unfair practices of the oil trust. Led to public pressure for more government control over big business. |
| Upton Sinclair's novel describing the meatpacking industry. | The Jungle |
| What was Upton Sinlcairs intended purpose for his book The Jungle? | To gain sympathy for workers. |
| What was the real result of The Jungle? | Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act- required acurate labeling of food and medicine and banning the sale of harmful food. |
| Who led Wisconsin's reform-minded Republicans? | Robert La Follette ("Fighting Bob") |
| What was Robert La Follete's greatest achievement? | Reforming the state electoral system with primary elections. |
| What was the primary? | It allowed the state's voters to choose their party's candidates. |
| What was the three part Oregon system? | Initiative, Referendum and Recall |
| Allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election. | Initiative |
| Gave voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted. | Referendum |
| Enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs. | Recall |
| What was the Seventeenth Amendment? | Provided for the direct election of senators, gave the people a voice in selecting their representatives. |
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