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History Crimson Note
January 1 -January 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the election of 1860, what six southern states left the union? | Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas |
| John J. Crittenden | tried to package a series of constitutional ammendments |
| What was Lincoln's view on Secession? | He did not support compromise measures |
| What did Lincoln count on? | Unionists sentiment to keep the Upper South from seceding |
| For how many days did Lincoln call for state militias? | 90 |
| What 4 states left the Union at this time? | Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, adn TEnnesse |
| What did the war fever lead? | many to volunteer for military service |
| What were the North's Advantages? | -Human and economic advantages over the South -About half of the men of military age fought in the North( with the help of Afr.Amer. and Irish) as opposed to the South's 90% of military age fought -North controlled 90% of the nation's industrial capacit |
| What leader had to start the country from scratch? | Jefferson Davis |
| What had Lincoln established? | Structure and Organization |
| What were the popularity differences between Lincoln and Davis? | -Lincoln was more likeable -Davis was rather aloof and uncompromising |
| What issue did Abraham Lincoln focus on? | Preserving the Union |
| What did Lincoln adopt? | A soft strategy to keep the border states |
| What two states never seceded? | Maryland and Kentucky |
| Where did a guerilla war break out? | Missouri |
| Virginia split into? | Virginia and West Virginia |
| What parts of the Southern landscape exhausted troops? | dense forests, uneven terrain, heat and humidity |
| What caused several errors in judgment? | Lack of understanding southern terrain |
| What enabled the Union to transcend environmental barriers? | Technological superiority |
| In the First Bull Run, Union forces were under who? | McDowell |
| In the First Bull Run, Confederate soldiers were under who? | Beuregard |
| Where was the First Bull Run? | Manassas, Virginia |
| In the Bull Run, Union seemed to be winning... | .. but actually lost |
| General Thomas Jonathan Jackson was nicknamed what at Bull Run? | Stonewall Jackson |
| What was the result of the first Bull RUn? | Illusions were broken and southern confidence was boosted |
| Which group of Indians sided with the Confederacy? | more prosperous |
| Which group of Indians gradually gained control of most of the Indian territory? | Pro-Union |
| Both sides relied on what? | VOlunteers |
| When were the Conscription laws passed? | April 1862 for Conf. and March 1863 for Union |
| The war was fought by... | citizens, not professionals, who elected their own officers and were not disciplined |
| Who suffered higher casualty rates than privates? | The strong military leaders that emerged on both sides |
| What was the most lethal weapon? | Infantry rifle |
| What was developed during the course of the war and what was the result? | Tactics, way war is fought begins to change |
| What three things were important? | railroad, ships, telegraph |
| What was key? | Disrupting supply lines |
| What happened to each side's economy as the war moved on? | South grew weak, North began to prosper |
| The Confederacy did not want to tax or.. | sell bonds |
| Why did the Conf. issue paper money, and what was the result? | To raise revenue, Inflation |
| How did the Conf. try to fix Inflation and what was the response? | taxes, very unpopular |
| What initiated paper money for the Union? | Legal Tender Act of 1862 |
| When did the new taxes begin for the Union? | 1861 |
| Most money for the Union came from... | Selling bonds |
| Inflation for the Union... | much less |
| What replaced the majority of bank notes with a more uniform currency? | National Banking Act of 1863 |
| What two forts did Grant capture? | Forts Henry and Donelson |
| When Grant moved South he won... | Shiloh Church, Tennessee and Corinth, Missippi |
| Who led the naval forces that captured New Orleans? | Admiral David Farragut |
| What event meant there was only one major Conf. river town left? | Fall of Memphis |
| What was the only major Conf. river town left? | VIckburg |
| Who assumed command of the Union Army in the East? | General George McClellan |
| Who was named head of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia? | Robert E. Lee |
| What was the casualty number when Lee attacked McClellan's forces twice? | Tens of Thousands |
| When McClellan withdrew, Lincoln replaced him with who?? | John Pope, who lost the 2nd Battle of Bull Run to LEe |
| What was the Union strategy in the Naval war? | Blockade Southern Coast and capture major seaports |
| Southerners believed they could get help from who? | Foreign governments |
| In Antietam, when did Lee move into Maryland? | September 1862 |
| What was the goal? | Cut railroad links in Pennsylvania |
| What was the bad luck? | McClellan got a copy of Lee's orders |
| It was a tactical draw, but... | Caused thousands of casualties and Lee was forced back to Virginia |
| Why was Antietam a turning point? | Because it kept Lee from threatening Northern industry and financial institutions |
| Antietam also.. | Prompted Britain and France to abandon plans to recognize the Conf. and allowed Lincoln to announce the abolition of slavery |
| Emancipation Proclamation | freed all slaves in the states still in rebellion against the Union |
| Many slaves ran away to where? | Union Camps |
| Confiscation Act of 1862 | Second Confiscation law passed by Congress ordering the seizure of land from disloyal Southerners and the emancipation of their slaves |
| Who replaced McClellan? | Ambrose Burnside |
| Where was Burnside repelled at the attempt of moving against Lee's army? | Battle of Fredericksburg |
| Who replaced Burnside and where was he defeated? | General Joseph Hooker defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville |
| Who replaced Hooker? | Meade |
| What was Gettysburg? | A 3 day battle in which the Union army defeated Lee's forces. Bloodies battle of the war. |
| Lee heard of Meade's movements, so he... | ordered troops to Cashtown, 45 minutes from Harrisburg |
| July 1,1863 | Large army continues towards Gettysburg to disperse the cavalry and get the shoes |
| What army was coming? | Army of the Potomac |
| DAY 1 | July 1- Confederates gain upper hand |
| DAY 2 | Union army was in place but Conf. take key locations along Cemetery Ridge |
| DAY 3 | July 3- Lee makes big mistake. Thought Meade's line was weak and ordered an all out assault against it. |
| JULY 3 Confederates launch an attack on.. | Culp's Hill |
| Key battle took place where? | Cemetery Ridge |
| Union Army had gone silent, Confederacy... | decided to charge (led by General George Pickett) |
| As they went up the hill... | Union artillery started and tore apart the charging southerners |
| How many of Pickett's men were dead or wounded? | Half of 13,000 |
| Casualty numbers for Gettysburg: | Union: 23,000 Conf: 28,000 |
| What was the result of Gettysburg? | -Boosted morale in the North -Drained Lee's army of men and material |
| VICKSBURG. When was a plan hatched? | March 1863 |
| How did Grant plan to capture Vicksburg? | -He and his 20,000 men go across Mississippi to the South point of Vicksburg -Then moved North-eastward and captured Jackson -Then turned west toward Vicksburg |
| What happened May 22, 1863? | -Grant settled down less than 600 yards from the Conf. Army |
| What cut the city off? | Grant's tight siege and the navy's bombardment |
| Since food dwindled, what did people have to eat? | Other things such as mules and rats |
| Who surrendered on July 4? | General John Pemberton and his 30,000 men |
| What was so important about Vicksburg? | It was the last major Conf. stronghold on the Mississippi, now a Union victory |
| CHATTANOOGA. Who commanded the Army of the Cumberland? | General William S. Rosecrans |
| Rosecrans advanced on which Confederate General? | Braxton Bragg |
| Why was the goal to capture Chattanooga? | Because it would be a doorway to the complete uncoupling of the West. |
| Rosecrans approached... | and abandoned Chattanooga |
| He took up a position in... | Chickamauga Creek |
| When did the battle of Chattanooga take place? | September 19, 1863 |
| Bragg pushed Rosecrans back to.. | Chattanooga and trapped Rosecrans |
| Chattanooga appeared.. | Impregnable |
| The Union was able to win because... | Confederate camp was plagued by dissension |
| Why was the territory west of the Mississippi important? | Because it provided supplies and strategic advantages for the Conf. army |
| Success in the Trans-Mississippi West... | could occupy Federal troops and relieve pressure from other parts of the Conf. while allowing food and munitions to reach the Southern armies |
| Why was Texas critical to Conf. fortunes? | It was a source of supply for the East and a base for the conquest of the far West. |
| What did Davis want the Confederacy to include? | California and port access for Asian trade |
| Texas was... | far from secure |
| Who was a Unionist stronghold who rebelled against Conf. authorities and were brutally suppressed? | Northern Texas |
| Who defied the Confederacy until the War's end? | Germans in Fredericksburg, San Antonio |
| What group in Southern Texas supported the Union? | Mexican population |
| VICKSBURG, CHATTANOOGA, AND THE WEST | Confederate hopes to secure Texas FAIL |
| Who resented the frequent use of executive authority? | Copperheads |
| What act provided 160 acres of free land to anyone who would live on the plot and farm it for 5 years? | Homestead Act of 1862 |
| What act established national currency? | Banking Act of 1863 |
| What act said that money from the sale of public lands should be used for agricultural and mechanical colleges? | Land Grant College Act |
| What was the New York Draft Riot? | (mostly Irish) immigrant protest against conscription in NYC in July 1863 that escalated into class and racial warfare |
| How was the Northern Economy? | -Initial downturn but then picked up quickly due to new industries -northern agriculture also grew during this time |
| Though wages increased during the war, prices... | rose higher and Trade Unions began to grow. |
| Growth of Profiteers: | People traded with the enemy, swindled the government, and sold shoddy goods. |
| How many women worked during the war? | More than 100,000 |
| Where did they find job and opportunities? | -industries -government bureaucracy -nurses -more access to higher education |
| War also left thousands of women... | widowed and devastated |
| What prohibits Confederacy from working together? | Dissent |
| What was a major obstacle? | states' rights |
| When were there callings for peace? | As early as 1863 |
| What created a major problem for Davis? | Lack of Nationalism |
| The devout society was convinced that the war... | was a holy war |
| How did the white southerners interpret their mounting losses? | From different spiritual perspectives |
| How did black southerners interpret the war? | it was a fulfillment of prophecy |
| By 1863, what was happening in the southern economy? | it was hard to feed the population |
| There were rights in which 3 major cities? | Mobile, Atlanta, and Richmond |
| What did many slaves do? | Stopped working and abandoned their plantations |
| What did Southern women do? | -managed plantations -worked in factories making uniforms and munitions -taught school -worked in government offices |
| How did Southern women help the war? | They helped hide deserting soldiers and helped them elude confederate authorities. By 1864 they were very tired of the war. |
| Who was appointed commander of the Union forces? | Grant |
| How did Grant change the tempo of the war? | He hammered the enemy continuously |
| Who was advancing through Georgia? | Sherman |
| Grant's major focus was on who? | Lee |
| How did Grant surprise Lee in the battle of the Wilderness? | by not withdrawing |
| Grant pursued LEE and fought where? | at Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor |
| How did Grant underestimate Lee? | Lee thwarted him for almost a year and inflicted horrendous casualties on Grant's army |
| Many officers felt loyalty to who? | McClellan, so they did not like Grant |
| Who began their campaign against in May 1864 and where did they march? | Grant and General Meade, area known as the wilderness |
| When did Lee attack? | May 5-6 |
| Casualties in the wilderness? | Union:18,000 Conf:10,000 |
| How did Grant startle Lee's army? | by pushing on |
| From then on, Lee's army was on the defensive against who? | Grant's relentless pursuit |
| grant continued and attacked Conf. army where? | at Spotsylvania |
| Casualties at Spotsylvania? | Union:18,000 Conf:11,000 |
| Grant moved to Cold Harbor where ... | Lee's troops waited again |
| What happened on the fight on June 3? | Lost 7,000 men in 8 minutes |
| In less than a month of fighting, the Army of the Potomac had lost how many men? | 55,000 |
| Grant decides to... | change his tactics |
| June 17 1864 | Grant launches a surprise attack on Petersburg, a critical rail junction |
| Sherman in Georgia was fighting against who? | The Army of Tennessee under the command of Joseph Johnston |
| Why did Davis replace Johnston? | He was afraid Johnston would let Sherman take Atlanta without a fight |
| Who replaced Johnston? | John Bell Hood |
| September 1, 1864 | Hood evacuated Atlanta burning everything of military value |
| Why was the loss of Atlanta a severe blow to the Confederacy? | Because of the railroad supply route |
| What did the loss of Atlanta do? | Revived morale and helped assure LIncoln's reelection in November |
| Lincoln won what percent of the popular vote in the election of 1864? | 55% |
| 13th Ammendment | Outlawed slavery everywhere in the U.S. |
| After Sherman took Atlanta... | He began his "march to the sea" on November 15,1864 |
| When did Sherman enter Savannah? | December 22, 1864 |
| What city was presented to Lincoln as a Christmas present? | Savannah |
| When did Sherman resume his march? | February 1865 |
| Where and when did the march end? | Goldsboro, North Carolina in March 1865 |
| How long was the barren swath from Savannah to Goldsboro? | 425 miles long |
| When and where were the documents of surrender signed? | April 1, 1865 in the Mclean house (Appomatox) |
| When did Joseph Johnston surrender? | April 26 |
| When was Jefferson Davis captured? | May 10 |
| When did Kirby Smith surrender? | May 26 |
| When, where, and what was the president watching when he was assassinated? | April 14, 1865. Ford's Theatre in Washington. Our American Cousin |
| Who shot Lincon? | John Wilkes Booth |
| Where was Booth killed? | a barn in Virginia |
| Fate of accomplices? | 5 arrested, 4 hanged |
| Who was the Secretary of State who was wounded but lived? | Seward |
| Who opposed Lincoln in the 1864 election? | George McClellan |
| What helped Lincoln? | Fall of Atlanta |
| When was the 13th ammendment passed? | 1865 |
| Sherman marched from where to where? | Atlanta to the sea and burned everything in the path |
| Confederate leaders proposed... | arming slaves |
| What still remained the obstacle to the Union? | Lee's army |
| Where did Grant's army catch up with Lee's forces? | Appomatox Court House |
| In Washington, celebration but was muted by what? | Assassination of Lincoln |
| Civil war caused how many casualties? | Over 1 million |
| How many men between 20 and 40 died? | one in four |
| What percent of livestock was lost? | 40% |
| How much machinery was lost? | Half |
| What did Union victory do? | Solved Constitutional problem of secession and ended slavery |
| What was the most important result for the black southerners? | Emancipation |
| The Civil War also.. | stimulated a host of diverse changes that unfolded over time. |
| What was the Freedmen's Bureau? | An agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice and protection to former slaves and destitute whites. Lasted 7 years. |
| At the end of the Civil War, what percentage of black southerners were literate? | 10 % |
| A decade later, what did that percentage grow to? | 30% |
| What was also established during this time? | Black colleges |
| What largely unsuccessful law passed in 1866 gave black people preferential access to public lands in 5 southern states? | Southern Homestead Act |
| What is sharecropping? | A labor system that evolved during and after reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborer's crop |
| By 1890.. | one out three black farmers in the Upper South owned land, compared to one in five for the entire South. |
| Field Order NO. 15 | Order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year |
| What became a primary focus of African American life? | Church |
| What did the church provide? | -opportunity to develop skills in self-government and administration |
| What two things were cohesive forces in black communities? | The Church and Congregation |
| What are Black COdes? | Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the civil war. Also, during Reconstruction, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment. |
| 14th Ammendment | Prohibited states from violating the civil rights of its citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote or losing representation in COngress |
| What act prohibited the president from removing officeholders without the Senate's consent? | The Tenure of Office Act |
| Who violated this Act and was impeached but not convicted? | President Andrew JOhnson |
| 15th Ammendment | Passed by Congress 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote regardless of race |
| Who unleashed a wave of terror throughout the South and often had political objectives? | Ku Klux Klan |
| What spread quickly during Counter Reconstruction? | Racial Violence |
| In the election of 1872, the Democrats forged an alliance with who? | the Liberal Republicans |
| Who did they nominate as their candidate? | Horace Greely |
| Who won reelection in 1872? | Grant |
| When did Reconstruction officially end? | With the election of 1876 |
| Who won the majority of the popular vote? | Democratic candidate Samuel J. Tilden |
| What led to a compromise? | Disputed returns in 3 Southern states |
| Who won the presidency? | Republican Candidate Rutherford B. Hayes |
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