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MicroBoardReview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Person who used the first microscope to describe cellular nature of cork (1685) | von Leeuwenhoek |
| 1st to describe microorganisms found in pond water ad the human mouth | von Leeuwenhoek |
| Introduced the smallpox vaccine (1796) | Jenner Semmelweis |
| Discovered that washing hands before delivering babies reduced puerperal fever | Jenner Semmelweis |
| AKA the father of bacteriology | Pasteur |
| Person who disproved spontaneous generation by identifying airborne bacteria (1861) | Pasteur |
| Person who developed anthrax vaccine, and preventative treatment for Rabies | Pasteur |
| Developed antisptic surgery using phenol, surgical gloves | Lister |
| Developed acid fast staining for TB | Ziehl and Nielsen |
| Known as father of immunology | Ehrlich |
| Devised first drugs agains bacteria and proposed key-in-lock concept of immunology | Ehrlich |
| Discovered penicillin | Fleming |
| Developed killed virus of poloi vaccine | Salk |
| Developed live vrius, oral polio vaccine | Sabin |
| Kochs main psotulate | One microbe, one disease |
| The 4 ideas in Kochs postulate | 1. organism must be observed in every case of the dz 2. the ogranism must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. organism must cause the dz when injected into an animal 4. organism must be recovered from the experimental animal & confirmed |
| Procaryotes have no? | no nucles and no nuclear membrane |
| Obligate intracellular parasites and depend on host for ATP production | rickettsia |
| smallest and simplest of the self-replicating procaryotes, and require cholesterol which necessitates their residence within mucous membranes | mycoplama |
| obligate intracellular parasites which contain either RNA or DNA | viruses |
| also known as bacteriophages or phages if they have a bacterial host | viruses |
| Round bacterial shape aka? | coccus |
| rod-like bacterial shape aka? | bacillus |
| spiral bacterial shape aka? | spirrila |
| comma-shaped bacteria aka | vibrio |
| Nucleus of bacteria contains? | single-stranded DNA, small amounts of RNA & RNA polymerase |
| Two types of bacterial cell walls? | Gram positive and gram negative |
| Gram positive cell walls are made up of? | thick peptidoglycan |
| Gram negative cell walls are made up of? | Thin peptidoglycan, and lipopolysaccharides (thick) |
| Lipopolysaccharides are made up of what? | LIPID A, AKA endotoxins |
| The external layer of bacteria called the capsule functions to? | protect the bacteria from phagocytosis |
| the external layer of the bacteria called the glycocalyx is aka? and is associated with what? | AKA - slime layer, and is associated with the adhesive properties of the cell |
| The stages of the bacterial growth curve | 1. lag 2. log 3. stationary 4. death |
| LAG phase | Inital : the metabolite starved bacteria begin to adapt to their new environment |
| LOG phase | AKA Exponential: the cells are dividing and at a constant, exponential rate |
| STATIONARY phase | the cells exhaust essential nutrients or accumulate toxic products |
| DEATH phase | cells begin to die due to toxic end products |
| Facultative anaerobes will grow how? and are the most what? | will grow in the presence of absence of oxygen, and are the most pathogenic bacteria |
| What temperatures do phychrophiles grow? | range of 0-20 degrees C |
| What temps do mesophiles grow? | Range of 20-45 degrees C, and are the medically important bacteria |
| What temps do thermophiles grow? | range from 45-90 degrees C |
| Saprophytes live off of? | lives on dead organic matter |
| What grows on a blood agar plate? | Steptococcus (gram staining) |
| What grows on mannitol salt agar? | Staphylococcus (gram staining) |
| What grows on thayer Martin/chocolate agar? | neisseria |
| What grows on Acid Fast Stain/Ziehl Nielsen? | Mycobacterium |
| What grows on Sabourad? | Fungi |
| What grows on MacConkey's Agar? | Escheria Coli |
| What grows on Gimesa Stain? | Protozoans |
| Sterility is? | total absence of viable microorganism as assed by no growth on any medium |
| Bacteriocidal | inhibits growth of bacteria |
| Sterilization | removal or killing of all microorgranisms |
| Best type of sterizilation | autoclave 121*C High pressure |
| disinfection | removal or killing of disease-causing microogranisms, like pastuerization |
| sepsis | infection |
| aseptic | without infection |
| antisepsis | any procedure that inhibits the growth or multiplication of microogranisms |
| exotoxins are released by which type of organisms? | gram pos and gram neg |
| exotoxins are released by what? and are composed of? and have a ____ to target cells | Exotoxins are released by the organism, made of proteins, very potent yet labile (sensitive to heat), and have a high specifity for target cells. |
| examples of exotoxins | clostridium tetani (tetanus) clostridium botulinum (botulism) corynebacterium diphteriae (diphtheria) |
| Endoxtoxins are produced by which type of organisms | gram negative only! |
| Endotoxins are released when? They are made of? And have _____ to target cells | Endotoxins are not released until the cell dies, made up of lipopolysaccharides, less potent than exotoxins but stable to heat and have a low specificity to target cells |
| Examples of endotoxins | e. coli vibrio cholerae salmonella |
| What is transformation? | is the DIRECT UPTAKE of naked DNA fragments thru the cell wall. |
| Natural occurrence of transformation is ___? | Rare |
| What is transduction? | is PHAGE-MEDIATED(bacterial virus) transfer of host DNA sequences. |
| What is conjugation? | one-way transfer of genetic material (plamids) by means of physical contact. |
| What is the primary stain of gram staining? | Crystal violey dye, which stains all cells blue |
| What is the mordant, or fixer applied when gram staining? | Iodine |
| What is the order of the gram staining procedure | 1. Apply crystal violey dye = all cells stain blue 2. add iodine - cells remain blue 3. add acetone, or alcohol to decolorize 4.add safranin, stains decolorized grams |
| What does adding alcohol or acetone to the gram staining procedure do? (and specifics for gram neg and gram pos) | Decolorizes, gram positive stays blue, and gram negative is colorless. |
| What does safranin do in the gram staining procedure, and specifics for gram neg and pos? | Safranin stains the decolorized gram: Gram negative = red, gram positive = blue. |
| What color does gram negative stain? | Red |
| What color does gram positive stain? | Blue |
| What color does acid fast stain? | Red |
| What color does non-acid fast stain? | Blue |
| What organisms stain red with acid fast staining? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium leprae. |
| What chemical stains in Ziehl & Nielsen's Acid Fast Stain? | Carbolfuchsin |
| What is the decolorizer in Ziehl & Nielsen's Acid fast stain? | Acid-Alcohol |
| What is the name of the counterstainer in Ziehl & Nielsen's acid fast stain? | Loeffler's New Methylene Blue |
| What are two examples of gram positive cocci? | Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus |
| What are four examples of gram positive Bacilli (rod-shaped)? | Mycobacteria, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Clostridium |
| What is an exmaple of a gram negative Cocci? | Neisseria |
| Name 6 gram negative Bacilli? | Vibrio, haemophilus, bordetella, pseudomonas, legionella, brucella. |
| Name 5 gram negative Bacilli or the GI tract? | Eschericha, Klebsiella, Proteus, Shigella, Salmonella |
| What causes major problems in hospitals, in compromised patients with debititating diseases, extensive surgery, immunosuppresion or malnourishment? Called Hospital _____. | Staphylococci, called Hospital Staph |
| Which gram positive cocci forms grape-like clusters? | Staphylococci. |
| What produces Exfoliative Toxin, which is responsible for scalded-scalp syndrome? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| What produces enterotoxin which is involved with food poisoning? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| What produces pyrogenic toxins, responsible for toxic shock syndrome? | staphylococcus aureus |
| Staphylococci grows on what medium? | Mannitol-salt agar and blood agar |
| What causes Acute Bacterial Endocarditis (ABE)? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| What causes UTIs & skin infections? | Staphylococcus epidermidis |
| What causes UTIs alone? | Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
| What produces deep yellow colonies when grown on Blood agar? | Staph. Aureus |
| What is usually identified by an ABCESS with a central necrotic core of neutrophils, pus, & bacteria? | Staph Aureus |
| Staph Aureus causes what on the eye? | Conjunctivitis, styes |
| What does Staph aureus cause in the lungs? | Pneumonia |
| What does staph aureus cause in bones? | osteomyelitis |
| What does staph aureus cause in the heart? | Acute Bacterial Endocarditis |
| What does Scaled Skin Syndrome do, & what causes it? | Causes the denudation of the skin due to exfoliative toxin produced by staph aureus |
| Who is scaled skin syndrome prevalent in? | Prevalent in kids under 4 |
| What does toxic shock syndrome do, and what is the cause? | Toxic shock syndrome causes high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, collapse of peripheral circulation, hypotensive shock, rash, and desquamation of the skin. It it caused by pyrogenic toxins, made by staph aureus |
| What are the symptoms of food poisioning and what causes it? | Food poisoning occurs 4-6 hours after eating with acute vomiting with NO fever. It is self limited within 24 hrs - no TX needed. It is caused by enterotoxin by staph aureus. |
| Staph epidermidis causes UTIs in which age group? | Elderly |
| S. Saprophyticus causes UTIs in which age group? | Adolescent girls |
| What group of Stretococci is characterized by incomplete lysis with green pigment surrounding the colony? | Alpha-hemolytic group |
| What group of Streptococci is characterized by Total lysis & a clear area around the colony? | Beta-hemolytic group |
| What group of Streptococci is characterized by an absence of lysis? | Gamma-hemolytic group |
| Group A Streptococci are characterized by what type of streptococcus and hemolytic group? | Group A is characterized by Streptococcus pyogenes, and are beta hemolytic |
| What contains M proteins, and what do M proteins do? | Group A streptococci contain M proteins, which are a potent virulence factor found on fimbriae which inhibit phagocytosis. |
| What does Group A Streptococci produce? | They produce Streptolysin S (responsible for beta hemolysis) & Stretolysin O (leukocidal). |
| What does streptolysin S do? | Produced by Group A Strept, it causes beta hemolysis. |
| What is the origin of ASO titre? | The origin of ASO titre is Streptolysin S & O |
| ASO titre is used in the diagnosis of what? | of rheumatic fever caused by Group A (S. pyogenes) |
| What do Group A streptococci secrete, causing what disease? | Group A streptococci secrete Erythrogenic endotoxins which are responsible for Scarlet Fever. |
| What test tests for scarlet fever? | Tests for erythrogenic exotoxins - the Dick Test - "My Scarlet Dick" |
| What 8 diseases does Group A Strept (S. pyogenes) causes? | Pharyngitis (strep throat), Scarlet Fever, Impetigo (S. aureus also causes it), Cellulitis, erysipelas, Rheumatic Fever (results in mitral stenosis), Acute Glomerular Nephritis, & Acute Bacterial Endocarditis |
| What organism characterizes Group B Streptococci, and are they alpha or beta hemolytic? | Characterized by Streptococcus agalactiae, and are beta hemolytic. |
| Group B Streptococci (S. agalactiae) are part of what? | Are part of normal oral & vaginal flora. |
| What three organisms make up Viridans Streptococci & are they alpha or beta hemolytic? | Viridans streptococci are characterized by S. Viridans, S. salavarius, & S. Mutans. They are alpha hemolytic. |
| What causes subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)? | Strep viridans |
| What causes dental caries? | Strep mutans |
| What was streptococcus pneumoniae formely known as? | Diplococcus pneumoniae, due to its morophology. |
| Is streptococcus pneumoniae alpha hemolytic or beta hemolytic? | Alpha! |
| What are the two diseases associated with streptococcus pneumoniae? | Lobar pneumonia and otitis media |
| What is the reason for streptococcus pneumoniae's virulence? | It's capsule |
| What is the test called for visualizing streptococcus pneumoniae's capsule? | Quellung Reaction/ Quellung Test |
| What do mycobacteria stimulate? | Stimulate cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV) reaction. |
| What causes clinical tuberulosis? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis |
| How does one become infected with TB? | Thru droplet inhalation or contaminated food. |
| What is a Ghon Complex? | In TB, it is a lesion in the lung & a lesion in regional lymph node |
| What are the Tine test & the Mantoux test used for? | TB |
| If one has TB spread thru the blood what is it called? | Miliary TB |
| What causes Leprosy ? | Mycobacterium leprae |
| What is another name for leprosy? | Hansen's dz |
| Where is Mycobacertium leprae found? | Footpads of mice and armadillos |
| Leprosy is an infection of what? | Infection of nerve cells (PNS) |
| What is Tuberculoid Leprosy? | If healthy with Leprosy, only one to 3 cutaneous lesions containing few organisms |
| What is Lepromatous Leprosy? | If one is unhealthy with leprosy, multiple nodular skin lesions loaded with organisms |
| What is the skin test for TB? | PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) |
| How does one diagnose leprosy? | by clinical sx and cytology, not by culture. |
| What is the skin test for leprosy? | Lepromin skin test |
| What type of diseases do Bacillus cause? | Zoonotic diseases via cattle, sheep, and goats (ruminants) |
| How do Bacillus transmit disease? | Via spores, which can live in the soil for 30 years |
| What does Bacillus anthracis produce? | A very potent exotoxin! |
| What does Bacillus anthracis result in? | CNS distress, respiratory failure & anoxia. Death occurs within 2-5 days. |
| What is the % rate, entrance of disease, and fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax? | Cutaneous Anthrax: 95% of cases, spores enter from cuts of abrasions, fatality rate is 10% |
| What is the % rate, entrance of the disease, and fatality rate of pulmonary anthrax? | Pulmonary Anthrax: 5% of cases, spores enther lungs via breathing, fatality rate is 50%. |
| What is Wool Sorter's Disease? | Pulmonary anthrax |
| What does Bacillus cereus cause & what does it produce | Causes gastroenteritis (food posioning), and produces an enterotoxin |
| What are the sx of Bacillus cereus? | Either emetic (naseua, vomiting), or diarrheal (ab pain, watery stools). |
| What organism shows "chinese-character" formation on gram stain & Babes-Ernst bodies (metachromatic granules) upon microscopy? | Corynebacterium diphtheriae ( Corny Babes with Chinese Faces) |
| What is the important corynebacterium species? | corynebacterium diphteriae |
| Corynebacterium diphteriae causes Diptheria via what? | a very potent exotoxin |
| Corynebacterium diphteriae causes Diptheria in primarily who? | Primarily in infants & young kids |
| How is the Diptheria vaccine made? | Made by formalin-inactivation resulting in a Toxoid |
| What does Corynebacterium diphteriae cause? | It causes Pharyngeal diphteria. |
| What leads to a characteristic "bull neck" appearance due to edema of cervical lymph nodes (which obstructs breathing) | Pharyngeal Diptheria - caused by corynebacterium diptheriae |
| Pharyngeal diphteria begins as what? | As a mild pharyngitis |
| In Pharyngeal diphtheria what forms, what is it made of, and where does it adhere? | A pseudomembrane forms - made of fibrin, epitherlial cells, PMNs, & bacteria. Memebrane is gray and adherent and grows across tonsillar area of the oropharnyx. |
| Pharyngeal diphtheria is associated with tissue damage to what? | To the heart and nervous system (motor defects, paralysis of throat and polyneuritis of LE) |
| What is the Schick Test? | a test used to determine the immune status of one after the DPT vaccine has been used. It consists of inradermal injections of diphtheria toxin in a heated and unheated state |
| What does Clostridium perfringes cause? | Clostridium perfringes causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene - creating gas, edema, and impaired circulation) |
| Is Clostridium an aerobe or an anaerobe? | Clostridium is an anaerobe |
| Where is Clostridium found? | Unbiquitous soil organisms |
| How does clostridium cause pathologies? | Via pre-formed toxins or toxins released at site of infection |
| Clostridium is infective by what? | By spores |
| What is the tx for clostridiums? | Anitotxin, antibiotics, surgery to necrotic tissue, hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
| What does Clostridium botulinum cause? | Food poisoning (18-36 hours after eating, usually canned food) |
| What is ingested in Clostridium botulinum? | a pre-formed toxin in food, Neurotoxin |
| What are some sx of C. Botulinum? | nausea, vomiting, cranial palsy, double vision, swealling and speech problems, respiratory paralysis and death (20%) |
| What does C. Botulinum do at the myoneural junction? | The exotoxin works to produce flaccid paralysis due to supression of ACH release |
| Clostridium tetani causes what, how? | Clostridium tetani causes tetanus by minor laceration, puncture or unbilical cord stump infection. |
| is Tetanus an endotoxin or exotoxin? | Exotoxin |
| What does the exotoxin of tetanus act at? | The exotoxin of tetanus acts at the brain stem or anterior horn to obliterate the inhibitory reflex response, resulting in uncontrolled impulses |
| What does the toxin of tetanus inhibit? | Toxin of tetanus inhibits the release of acetylcholinesterase, therefore ach is not broken down @ the neuromuscular junction |
| What is trismus? | Trismus is seen in tetanus and is tetanospasms of lockjaw |
| What are the manifestations of tetanus? | Muscle stiffness, tetanospasms of lockjaw (trismus), and back arching |
| Why does death occur from tetanus? | Occurs from exhaustion or respirtory failure |
| What is the main tx of tetanus? | antitoxin |
| What does Clostridium difficle cause? | Causes severe gastroenteritis, with circulatory collapse and death in 30% of cases. |
| What does deoxyribonuclease in a medium inhibit? | inhibits transformation |
| What has negri bodies? | Rabies |
| What is coagulase positive? | Staph aureus |
| Peritrichous is a pattern of ____________. | Flagella |
| What disease is associated with mononucleosis? | Epstein Barr |
| The best medium to identify Neisseria gonorrhea is? | Thayer Martin Agar (chocolate agar) |
| What cell type contains heparin? | Basophils |
| What does Necator americans cause? | Hookworm disease |
| What does enterohius vermicularis cause? | pinworm disease |
| What does Ascariasis lumbricoides cause? | Round Worms |
| What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause? | Lymes disease |
| What causes infant diarrhea in hospital nurseries? | E coli |
| Plasmodium falciparum causes what? | Blackwater fever |
| _____ causes childhood dysentery | Coxsackie Virus B |
| Which genera usually causes allergic reactions? | Aspergillus |
| Blue green pus in a wound indicates the presence of what? | Pseudomonas aeriginosa |
| What is the most common organism to affect a pt with AIDS? | Pneumocyststic carinii |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency often results from which worm infection? | Diphyllobothrium latum |
| What is the purpose of pasteurization? | To stop the growth of bacteria |
| What cell type increases when a parasitic infection is present? | Eosinophils |
| What is associated with Koplik spots? | Rubella |
| Onchocerca is a cause of what? | River blindness |
| What is the virus that causes Gengivostomatitis? | Herpes simplex I |
| How is Hep A transmitted? | Ingestion |
| Candida Albicans causes what? | Thrush |
| Pilus is an important structure involved in what process? | Conjugation |
| In what phase do bacteria divide at a constant rate? | Log phase |
| Is Neisseria a gram positive or gram negative diplococci? | Neisseria is a gram negative diplococci |
| Repeated infection of Neisseria gonorrheae leads to what in both sexes? | Sterility |
| What is ophthalmia neonatorum, and what causes it? | Infantile eye infection contracted during passage thru the birth canal, which leads to conjunctivitis and then blindness. It is caused by Neisseria gonorrheae |
| What causes urethritis, characterized by thick, yellow purulent exudate containing bacteria & PMNs, and painful urination | Neisseria gonorrhea |
| What is a treatment for Neisseria gonorrheae? | If resistent to penicillin, use spectinomycin (erythromycin) |
| What causes meningococcemia in primarly 6 month to 2 year olds | Neisseria meningitidis |
| What is waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome? | Is meningiococcemia with hemorrhage, circulatory failure, and adrenal insufficiency |
| These are the initial signs of what? : fever, vomiting, headache, and stiff neck. It begins is as a mild pharyngitis and can be fatal in 1-5 days | Neisseria meningitidis |
| What causes Travelers diarrhea? | E. Coli |
| Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Shigella are all part of what family? And what two major pathologies do they cause? | The enterobacteriaceae family, the enterics. The two major pathologies they cause are nosocomial (hospital aquired) and gi infections |
| Results of infection include CNVIII deafness or CNS damage in what bacteria? | Neisseria meningitidis |
| What does E. Coli ferment? | Lactose |
| What Klebsiella cause? | cause pneumonia and UTIs (red currant jelly sputum) |
| What causes red currant jelly sputum? | Klebsiella |
| What does Proteus cause? | Causes pneumonia, UTIs, and bacteremia |
| Why is proteus highly motile? | Numerous flagella |
| How is Shigella sonnei transmitted and what does it cause? | Transmitted by poor sanitation: fingers, feces, food, flies. It causes shigellosis (bacilliary dysentery) |
| What causes typhoid fever? | Salmonella typhi |
| What type of species cause septicemia? | Salmonella |
| Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella typhimurium cause what? | They cause gastroenteritis or food poisoning |
| What are sources of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium that cause gastroenteritis or food poisoning? | Poultry, poultry products, food handlers, and exotic pets. |
| How is typhoid fever trasmitted? | Through contaminated food or water |
| In what bacterial infection are characterisitc rash "Rose spots" on the skin found? | Found in Typhoid Fever "Typhoid Rosi" |
| With Typhoid fever, 3% of people become carriers due to what? | Due to retention of salmonella typhi in the gall bladder, and peyers patches of the intestines |
| What is the most common origin of septicemia, and what bacteria causes it? | Septicemia is most commonly nosocomial in origin, from catheterization, contaminated IV fluids, abdominarl or pelvic surgery. It is caused by Salmonella. |
| What causes Cholera? | Vibrio cholerae causes Cholera |
| Rice-water stools are due to what disease? | Cholera - caused by vibrio cholera |
| How is cholera transmitted? | contaminated water or food |
| What symptoms does cholera lead to? | Intense vomiting & diarrhea. Remission or death occurs within 2-3 days |
| What bacterial infection results in copious fluid loss (15-20 liters per day), and results in metabolic acidiosis & hypovolemic shock? | Cholera - due to vibrio cholera |
| Cholera is an endemic where? | India & Bangladesh |
| What is the treatment for Cholera? | Prompt replacement of fluids and electrolytes reduces fatality rate from 60% to 1% |
| Haemophilus influenzae causes what? | Upper respiratory tract infections that may proceed to acute bacterial meningitis |
| Haemophilus aegyptius causes what? | Bacterial conjunctivitis (pink-eye) |
| Haemophilus ducreyi causes what? | Causes a sexually transmitted genital tract infection (painful). |
| What causes acute bacterial meningitis and is found mostly in who? | Haemophilus influenzae, in children 3 months to 6 years |
| What does acute bacterial meningitis lead to? | CNS deficits - hydrocephalus and mental retardation. |
| What do chronic infections of acute bacterial meningitis lead to? | Otitis media and sinusitis |
| What causes bacterial conjunctivitis (pinkeye) and how is it transmitted? | It is caused by haemophilus aegyptius, and is transmitted by hands, gnats, or inanimate objects. |
| How is bacterial conjunctivitis different than viral? | Bacterial is purulent in nature, whereas viral has no pus |
| What does Haemophilus ducreyi cause and what are the sx? | Causes genital tract infections, and the sx are soft, painful chancres |
| What does Bordella cause? | Pertussis (whooping cough), by bordella pertussis |
| Who does pertussis predominantly occur in? | Children under age 1 |
| A paroxysmal cough (sudden and severe), forced hacking coughs, resulting in anoxia and vomiting occurs in what? | Pertussis (due to bordella pertussis) |
| What are the three different outcomes of a Pertussis infection? | 1/3: recover 1/3: develop neurological problems 1/3: result in severe coma, convulsions, blindness, or paralysis |
| Are pseudomonas gram positive or gram negative? | They are gram negative rods |
| What do pseudomonas create which make phagocytosis difficult? | a slime layer |
| Blue-green pus is a classic sign of what? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What wound infection often produces a sweet, grape like odor? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What is common in the presence of neutropenia, prolonged antibiotic use, severe burns, cystic fibrosis and trauma? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common contaminant of what in hospitals? | P. aeruginosa is a common contaminant of respiratory therapy fluids in hospitals. |
| What produces fluorescein and pyocyanin pigments? | P. aeruginosa (fluorescein = green, fluorescent, pyocyanin = blue-green) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic ____ in the elderly? | UTI |
| Legionella is a ____ _____ parasite | LEgionella is a facultative intracellular parasite |
| What bacteria lives in air-conditioning cooling towers? | Legionella |
| What causes Legionnaires' Disease | Legionella pneumophila |
| Who is legionnaries' dz most common in? | Most common in smokers, transplant recipients, and those with chronic lung dz |
| How is legionnaires dz acquired? | It is acquired by inhalation of the organisms ( l. pneumophila) |
| What disease results in abrupt onset of fever, chills, cough, headaches, and mental confusion ultimately resulting in severe pneumonia? | Legionnaires dz (l. pneumophila) |
| What type of diseases does Brucella cause? | zoonotic diseases |
| Where is Brucella found? | often in livestock farmers and meat processors, from contaminated milk and cheese. |
| Brucellosis is caused by what three organisms | Brucella suis, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella abortus |
| What does Brucellosis cause in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes? | Granulomas |
| With Brucellosis where does intracellular multiplication occur? | Intracellular multiplication occurs in the macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system |
| What are some sx of acute brucellosis? | Acute brucellosis: relapses of fever, muscle weakness, chills, anorexia, aches |
| What are some sx of chronic brucellosis? | weakness, depression, ARTHRALGIAS lasting over 12 months |
| What type of diseases does leptospira cause? | Leptospira causes zoonotic dz |
| What is the vector of leptospira? | urine of wild rodents and domestic animals |
| How is leptospira transmitted? | Trasmitted thru mucous membranes or broken skin |
| Where does leptospira localize once in the body? | Localizes to the kidney, liver, or CNS |
| What does leptospira interrogans or leptospira ictohemorrhagica cause? | These cause Weil's Disease (Leptospirosis) (spiral of wheels) |
| How many phases are there to Weil's disease and what are they? | There are two phases of Weil's disease: Acute icteric stage followed by chronic stage |
| What occurs in the chronic stage of Weil's dz? | Jaundice occurs if organisms in liver, nephritis occurs if organisms in kidneys. Death by kidney failure |
| What type of diseases do Yersinia cause? | Cause zoonotic dzs |
| What does Yersinia pestis cause? | Plague - "pesty little plague by that irritating flea" |
| What is the vector of plague? | The vector is the rat flea |
| What disease has the sx begin with sudden fever, conjunctivitis, and regional bubos (swollen lymph nodes) | Plague |
| Where does bubonic plague/black death come from, and what is the fatality rate? | Bubonic plague comes DIRECTLY from bite of an infected flea, death occurs 3-5 days, and if untxed fatal in 50-70% of cases |
| What does Pneumonic plague result from? What is the fatality rate? | Pneumonic plague results from human to human transmission via respiratory droplets from a bubonic plague infected person. Death occurs in 2 days, if untxed fatality is 99% |
| What do yersinia pseudotuberculosis or yersinia enterolitica cause? | They cause yersiniosis |
| How is yersiniosis spread, and what does it produce? | Yersiniosis is spread via contaminated food or water, and causes severe gi disease |
| What does Treponema pallidum pallidum cause? | Syphilis |
| What does treponema pallidum pertenue cause? | Yaws |
| What does treponema pallidum carateum cause? | Pinta |
| What bacteria is cork-screw shaped, motile organism? | Treponema |
| What are the sx of primary stage syphilis? | Hard, painless chancre, erythema, ulceration |
| What are the sx of second stage syphilis? | mucocutaneous rash, lesions in most all tissues |
| what are the sx of tertiary stage syphilis? | CNS problems (tabes dorsalis, Argyll Robertson pupil), Gumma Aortitis (ascending aortic aneurysm), and Death |
| In what infection is gumma aortitis seen? | Syphilis stage 3 (gumma aortitis = ascending aortic aneurysm) |
| In what infection is argyll robertson pupil seen? | In tertiary syphilis |
| What happens with an in utero syphilis infection? | Abortion, stillbirth or birth defects |
| What is Yaws and what is the organism that causes it? | Yaws is a localized, ulcerated red papule, which eventually spreads that may last months or years. Caused by treponema pallidum pertenue |
| What is Pinta and what bacteria causes it? | Pinta is epidermal or dermal infection with eventual depigmentation of the skin, caused by treponema pallidum carateum |
| Francisella causes a disease of what animals? | rabbits and rodents |
| How is Francisella transmitted to humans? | Francisella becomes zoonotic after ingestion or handling of infected animals or bite of an insect |
| What are the vectors of Tularemia, and what organism causes it? | Vectors: ticks, deer, flies, blackflies, mosquitos, or lice. caused by francisella |
| Tularemia is often seen in what groups of people? | Tularemia is seen in hunter, trappers, and sheep handlers |
| What disease had sx of abrupt onset of fever, headache, painful adenopathy, back pain, chills, and prostration? | Tularemia (Rabbit Fever) |
| Tularemia has regional manifestations based on the site of entry... where are these typically? | Skin is the most common, then eye, lung, and gi infection |
| Borrelias cause what type of disease? | zoonotic |
| What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause? | Lyme Disease (Deer burgers with lyme sauce) |
| What does Borrelia recuurentis cause? | Relapsing Fever |
| What is the vector carrying borrelia burgdorferi? | ticks |
| Where is lyme dz an edemic? | Minnesota, Wisconsin and NE seaboard |
| When is lyme dz incidence the highest | summer months |
| Lyme dz is a ______ infection that seeds other tissues, esp the what? | Lyme dz is a blood stream infection that seeds other tissues, esp the nerves, heart, and joints. |
| What is characterized by erythema chronica migrans (Bulls eye lesion), malaise, fever, chills, stiff neck, aches and pains for several weeks | Stage 1 on Lyme dz |
| What is stage 2 lyme dz characterized by? | neural and heart problems, including cranial neuropathy, radiculoneuropathy, meningitis, weeks to months after stg 1 |
| What is stage 3 of lyme dz characertized by? | Joint problems, usually large joints - arthritis, and neural dysfunction leading to dementia and paralysis |
| What is the vector of relapsing fever? | Lice which carry borrelia recurrentis |
| Relapsing fever is a _____ infection producing what sx? | Relapsing fever is a blood stream infection producing sudden onset of high fever, chills, headaches and drenching sweats |
| Relapsing fever last a few days, then _____, but can recur _____ consecutive times | Relapsing fever lasts a few days, then abates for several days or weeks, but can recur 4-10 consecutive times |
| Chlamydia are _____ _____ parasites | Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites |
| What causes Psittacosis aka _____? And How is it spread? | PSittacosis aka parrot fever is caused by chlamydia psittaci infection thru contact with birds |
| What does Psittacosis (Parrot fever) cause? | It causes human respiratory dz and fatal pneumonia |
| Sx of psittacosis (parrot fever) often being resembling what? | Influenza |
| What is the most common sexually transmitted dz? | Trachoma (chlamydia trachomatis) |
| What leads to chronic keratoconjunctivitis, which progresses to corneal scarring and blindness? | Trachoma (chlamydia trachomatis) if not sexually transmitted |
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margaretrhager
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