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MCAT Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane components | hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, embedded proteins |
| plasma membrane controls.... | movement of solutes in and out of cell |
| diffusion | high --> low concentration along gradient; no energy, PASSIVE |
| osmosis | moves high --> low H2O concentration; low --> high SOLUTE concentration; no energy, PASSIVE |
| facilitated diffusion | high --> low solute concentration, requires carrier protein, PASSIVE |
| active transport | moves AGAINST concentration gradient; requires ATP, ACTIVE |
| enzyme structure | = proteins; portion of enzyme binding substrate= active site |
| enzyme-substrate complex | enzyme acts upon substrate by binding to active site --> catalyze one specific reaction by lowering activation energy |
| factors affecting enzyme activity | pH, concentration of substrate & enzyme, temperature, cofactors |
| inhibition | 2 types= competitive & noncompetitive inhibition; overcome by increasing substrate concentration |
| glycolysis | ANAEROBIC catabolism of glucose --> pyruvate (doesn't require O2) |
| anaerobic respiration | occurs in absence of O2 --> 2 ATP/ glucose molecule (from glycolysis) |
| fermentation | begins w/ glycolysis, ends w/ conversion pyruvate --> LACTIC ACID (muscle cells) or ETHANOL (yeast) |
| aerobic respiration | occurs in presence of O2 --> 36 ATP/ glucose molecule |
| pyruvate decarboxylation | pyruvate --> acetyl CoA |
| Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) | breakdown of acetyl CoA --> NADH, FADH2, ATP |
| ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation | O2= final electron acceptor --> becomes H2O |
| mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase --> 2 identical daughter cells (somatic), 2n |
| meiosis | discontinuous in females, germ cells, 2 rounds of PMAT (cell division), n |
| spermatogenesis | spermatogonium (2n) --> primary spermatocyte (2n) --> meiosis I --> secondary spermatocytes (n) --> meiosis II --> sperm cells (n) |
| path of sperm | SEVEN UP= Seminiferous tubules, Epidymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Nothing, Urethra, Penis |
| oogenesis | oogonium (2n) --> primary oocyte --> meiosis I --> 1 secondary oocyte, 1 first polar body --> meiosis II --> ovum (n), second polar body |
| products of spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis | spermatogenesis 1 --> 4 sperms; oogenesis 1 --> 1 ovum, contains all organelles |
| embryogenesis: development | fertilized ovum --> MORULA (solid ball of cells) --> BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells w/ fluid center) --> GASTRULA (3 layer cell) |
| primary germ layers: ectoderm | derived from nervous system (brain/ spinal cord), epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear |
| primary germ layer: endoderm | from epithelial lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver, pancreas |
| primary germ layer: mesoderm | from muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidneys |
Created by:
kpan
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