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VUS.8 Question
VUS.8 Essential Information on the Industrial Period
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, what fueled American growth and expansion? | economic opportunity, industrialization and technological change |
| During the era of the American cowboy, how did they get the cattle to market? | long cattle drives for hundreds of miles over unfenced open land in the West |
| What was the Homestead Act of 1862? | gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land |
| Which two groups in particular moved west to seek new opportunities after the Civil War? | Southerners and African Americans |
| How did new technologies, for example the railroads and the mechanical reaper, affect the westward movement? | They opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming more prosperous. |
| What had happened to the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region by the turn of the century? | It was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier but was fast becoming a region of farms, ranches, and towns. |
| Where did immigrants to America come from prior to 1871? | Northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway and Sweden) |
| Where did they come from during the half-century from 1871-1921? | Southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia and present-day Hungary and Yugoslavia) as well as Asia (China and Japan) |
| Why did these immigrants come to America? | They were seeking freedom and better lives for their families. |
| What contributions did the immigrants make to the industrial growth of America during this period? | Chinese workers helped to build the Transcontinental Railroad Immigrants worked in textile and steel mills in the Northeast and the clothing industry in New York Slavs, Italians and Poles worked in the coal mines of the East |
| Generally, what were the conditions like for these immigrants? | They often worked for very low pay and in dangerous working conditions to help build the nation’s industrial strength. |
| Where was the port of entry for the immigrants from Europe? | Ellis Island in New York near the Statue of Liberty |
| In what ways did these immigrants work to assimilate into the American “melting pot”? | They and their children worked hard to learn English, adopt American customs and become American citizens. |
| What institution served an essential role in this process of assimilation? | public schools |
| Why did the immigrants often face hardship and hostility? | There was fear and resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than American workers, and there was prejudice based on religious and cultural differences. |
| How did Congress respond to this fear? | They limited immigration |
| What were the effects of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Immigration Restriction Act of 1921? | These laws cut off most immigration to America for the next several decades, however, the immigrants of this period and their descendants continued to contribute immeasurably to American society. |
| Which cities grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers? | Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and New York |
| What resulted from the rapid growth of cities? | Housing shortages and the need for new public services such as sewage and water systems and public transportation |
| Which city constructed the first subway system around the turn of the century? | New York |
| When had all the states that make up the continental United States been admitted to the Union? | by the 20th century |
| What was the Bessemer process? | a quick and cheaper way of making steel |
| Who invented the light bulb? | Thomas Edison |
| Who invented the telephone? | Alexander Graham Bell |
| Who flew the first airplane? | The Wright Brothers |
| Who started the assembly line? | Henry Ford |
| Who were Andrew Carneigie, J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller and Cornelius Vanderbilt? | Industrial leaders: Carnegie- steel; Morgan – finance; Rockefeller – oil; Vanderbilt – railroads |
| What is laissez-faire? | The government had a policy to leave business alone |
| What were the reasons for the economic transformation in the late 1800s? | government policy of laissez-faire increasing supply of labor from immigration and migration from the farms America’s possession of a wealth of natural resources and navigable rivers |
| How did race relations in the South change after Reconstruction? | Laws were passed o limit African American freedoms, Jim Crow laws forced segregation of the races and there was intimidation and crimes against African Americans (lynchings) |
| How did the African Americans respond? | They looked to the courts to safeguard their rights |
| What was the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson? | The Supreme Court rule that separate but equal did not violate the 14th Amendment which upheld the “Jim Crow” laws of the era. |
| What was the Great Migration? | During the late 19th and early 20th century, African Americans began to migrate to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South. |
| Who was Ida B. Wells? | She led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action. |
| Who was Booker T. Washington? | He believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success; he accepted social separation. |
| Who was W.E. B. DuBois? | He believed that education was meaningless without equality. He supported political equality for African Americans by helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
| What programs were used by the Progressives to reform the problems created by industrialization? | Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” and Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom” |
| Describe the working conditions for labor. | Dangerous working conditions Child labor Long hours, low wages, no job security, no benefits Company towns Employment of women |
| What were three goals of the Progressive Movement? | government controlled by people guaranteed economic opportunities through government regulation elimination of social injustices |
| What were the Progressive accomplishments in local governments? | New forms to meet the needs of the increasing urbanization like commission and council manager |
| What were the Progressive accomplishments in state governments? | Referendum – citizens can approve a law Initiative – citizens can petition for a law Recall – citizens can remove someone from political office |
| What were the Progressive accomplishments in elections? | Primary elections, secret ballot and the 17th Amendment |
| What was the 17th Amendment? | Direct election of U.S. Senators |
| What were the accomplishments of the Progressives in child labor? | Laws were passed protecting children |
| Who was the founder of the American Federation of Labor? | Samuel Gompers |
| Who was the founder of the American Railway Union? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What three strikes became violent and caused people to associate anarchism with labor unions? | Haymarket Square, Homestead Strike and the Pullman Strike |
| What were some of the gains of the labor unions? | Limited work hours and better working conditions |
| What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? | Act which would prevent monopolies in industry but it was weak |
| What was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act? | It expanded the Sherman Anti-Trust act and outlawed price-fixing |
| What was the women’s suffrage movement? | a forerunner of the modern protest movement which benefited from strong leadership like Susan B. Anthony. It encouraged women to enter the labor force during WWI and resulted in the passage of the 19th Amendment. |
| What was the 19th Amendment? | gave women the right to vote |
Created by:
jfleming
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