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Growth of Am Society
Chapter 11 The Growth of American Society (1789 - 1861)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Samuel Slater | apprentice in English textile mill but saw greater economic opportunity in America. Memorized construction of textile machinery and escaped to the US |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts |
| Interchangeable parts | parts made of standardized machine manufactured identical parts |
| Patent | allowed inventors to secure rights to new devices; while the inventor held the patent no one else could copy the inventors work |
| John Deere | perfected the plow |
| Cyrus McCormick | invented a reaping machine, a horse-drawn device that allowed one man to cut and stack 10 -12 acres of grain per day |
| Cotton | cotton is king in the South |
| Cotton gin | a machine containing a series of teeth mounted rollers that separated the cotton from the seed |
| Robert Fulton | perfected the steamship; 1807 he unveiled the Clermont steamboat |
| National road | road from Cumberland MD to Vandalia IL. |
| Plank road | a road consisting of a series of boards or logs laid side by side |
| Corduroy roads | plank roads with bumpy texture |
| Toll roads | roads built by private companies who paid for them by charging fees |
| Turnpike | toll road |
| DeWitt Clinton | built a canal from Albany to Lake Erie |
| Erie Canal | canal that went from Albany to Lake Erie, 363 miles long and cost $6M |
| B&O Baltimore and Ohio railroad | railroad that went from Baltimore to Ohio; first economically successful railroad in America |
| Clipper ship | differed from previous ships; during 1840’s -1850’s was the fastest ship ever built; world record 436 miles in one day |
| Pony Express | 500 horses and 190 stations to carry mail from Missouri to California. Founded by William Russell; promised to carry mail across the continent in the shortest amount of time |
| Samuel F.B Morse | a painter who invented the telegraph (idea was from France) |
| Abolitionism | the movement to eliminate slavery |
| William Lloyd Garrison | the most important and most militant abolitionist leader; fierce and zealous in his hatred of slavery. Had a newspaper called the Liberator |
| Nat Turner | a slave who led a rebellion in 1831 in South Hampton county VA. |
| Frederick Douglass | one of the most brilliant, eloquent and radical writer and speaker: “slaveholders forfeit their right to liberty and to life itself” |
| Harriet Tubman | made trips to the South to help lead more than 300 blacks to freedom |
| Horace Mann | one of the leading reformers in the drive for public education; head of the MA board of education |
| William H. McGuffey | wrote elementary books; taught millions of Americans rules for living and rules for grammar; wrote “Eclectic” readers for elementary students |
| Dorothea Dix | head of a young woman’s school and author of children’s books; appalled to find 4 mental persons in prison; began teaching Sunday School and class in prison; |
| Dorothea Dix | secretly visited prison and asylums to get first hand information about conditions |
| Prohibition | banning of the sale and consumption of alcohol |
| Seneca Falls Convention | regarded as the birth of the modern woman’s rights movement |
| Utopian reformers | sought to establish a small perfect community that would serve as a model for society as a whole |
| Robert Owen | Brit, a Utopian reformed who purchased “Harmonie” from the Rappites in 1825; renamed it New Harmony; sought to establish a perfect society based on ownership of common property. Abandoned it after two years |
| Federalist Style | duplicated neo-classical style of Europe; emphasized balance, emotional restraint and respect for the artistic styles of Greece and Rome |
| Benjamin West | America’s first great painter; painted New World subjects |
| Gilbert Stewart | one of America’s finest portrait painters; one of Benjamin West’s students; most know for portraits of George Washington |
| John Trumbull | student of West who specialized in realistic historical paintings; painted the battle of Bunker Hill and the signing of the Declaration of Independence |
| Greek Revival | (part of the Federalist architecture) led by architects such as Bullfinch and Latrobe, recreated the columns and porticos of ancient Greek and Roman buildings |
| Charles Bullfinch | along with Latrobe, worked on America’s most famous Federalist style building, the US Capitol |
| Benjamin Latrobe | (see Bullfinch) |
| George Caleb Bingham | drawing of the common man “Stump speaking” and “The County Election” captured American “politicking” |
| Hudson River School | painters who specialized in capturing the serene and majestic beauty of the land |
| Romanticism | rejected the balanced un-emotionalism of the Federalist and neo-classical style; emphasized the emotional, the colorful and the imaginative; placed greater emphasis on the individual versus society |
| James Fennimore Cooper | the first American writer to gain fame outside America “The Last of the Mohicans” which gave an exaggerated view of life on the American frontier |
| Washington Irving | helped develop America’s greatest contribution to world literature – the short story; wrote “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Romanticist writer (central belief in the goodness or “godhood” of man and the glory of nature) wrote “Nature” and “Self Reliance” which drew both supporters and critics |
| Henry David Thoreau | and essayists –wrote “Walden” |
| Walt Whitman | a poet who wrote “Leaves of grass” |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | wrote “The Scarlet Letter” |
| Edgar Allen Poe | delved in the tortured depths of man’s soul with stories such as “The Telltale heart” and “The Raven” |
| Stephen Foster | America’s most important composer of the period with works like “I dream of Jeanie with the light brown hair”, “Camptown Races”, “Oh Suzanna”, and “My Old Kentucky home” |
| Lowell Mason | published popular hymn books and composed tunes to songs like “Nearer My God to Thee” |
| Penny newspaper | a newspaper sold for a penny |
| Second Great Awakening | Christian Revival movement in the early 19th century. Enrolled millions of members and led to the formation of new denominations. Lasted longer and was more complex; effects reached across the ocean. |
| Deism | beloved that God created the universe, set it in operation and stepped and allowed it to work |
| Methodists | followers of the teachings of John Wesley; (originally a term of ridicule because the “methodical” way John Wesley and followers organized their lives) |
| John Wesley | founded the Methodists; turned the term of ridicule into a badge of honor. |
| Francis Asbury | father of American Methodism; sent from England to USA in 1772; worked for years to establish Methodist congregations; developed circuit riding |
| Circuit riding | one minister traveled on horseback from settlement to settlement, ministering to Christians and preaching to the lost |
| Timothy Dwight | elected president of Yale in 1775; converted a third of Yale students to Christianity |
| Camp Meeting | a series of religious services often lasting several days and usually held outdoors |
| Cane Ridge | the greatest Camp Meeting held at Cane Ridge, KY in 1801; estimated 10K to 25K attended |
| American board of commissioners for foreign missions | a Congregationalist organization that send missionaries throughout the world |
| Adoniram Judson | went with Luther Rice to India in 1812; on the way, they decided they were closer to the Baptist teachings so they moved to Burma |
| Charles Finney | converted in 1821 during revival; began preaching in small towns across New York; tall with piercing eyes; developed “new measures” |
| “New measures” | new and unusual methods for conducting revivals. |
| Unitarianism | denies the Trinity and therefore the deity of Christ; teach to live moral upright lives in order to please God |
| Transcendentalism | creation of Ralph Emerson; denied the miraculous; put man in place of God; taught that man was good and ultimately perfectible; everything is part of god and god dwells in man |
| Millerites | a cult formed by Baptist Minister William Miller; pre-millenialist; predicted the second coming of Christ March 21st 1843 and 1844; attracted over 100K followers |
| Shakers | took their name from the shaking and dancing that accompanied their worship |
| Mormonism | founded by Joseph Smith; salvation by good works; one who is good enough eventually becomes a god; practice polygamy |
| Joseph Smith | claimed an angel showed him golden plates which he translated into the Book of Mormon; was jailed and hanged |
| Brigham Young | led Mormons west where they founded Salt Lake City |
| Prayer meeting revival | the third great awakening in 1857 - 1859; began after a series of financial crisis; began with lunch time prayer meeting by lay evangelist Jeremiah Lanphier; attendance grew; built a church and prayed; |
| Prayer meeting revival (other) | other churches began to hold daily lunch time prayer meetings; between half a million to 1 million people were converted; the first time that laymen had dominated the leadership of a revival; came just before the Civil War |
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