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Am History 9
The Jeffersonian Years
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thomas Jefferson | Third president; ambassador to France; governor of Virginia; Secretary of state under Washington; Vice President under Adams; wrote declaration of Independence |
| Jeffersonian Republicanism | Jefferson and his hand-picked successors, Madison and Monroe. Contrast to the Federalists. Not a revolution but a transition |
| Jeffersonians | interested in farmers. Believed that liberty depended on self-sufficient farmers; believed less government is better; believed in state’s rights, but also in an elite class, elite in talent |
| Federalists | party of finance, defenders of the merchant class, believed in as strong central government |
| Twelfth Amendment | Enabled electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice-president |
| John Marshall | 1st “great” chief justice; a federalist and a cousin of Jefferson; believed the potential of the new country depended on the power of the central government; increased scope of the Court’s authority |
| Marbury vs. Madison | established the principle of “judicial review”;Madison refused to deliver Marbury’s commission and Marbury asked the Supreme Court to intervene |
| Judicial review | The right of the court to declare a law unconstitutional; It is the right of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. |
| Delegated powers | the powers specifically given to the national government by the Constitution |
| Gibsons vs. Ogden | congress’ right to regulate interstate commerce. New York’s attempt to grant monopoly to use of waterways to a steamship company and limit the use by the federal government |
| McCulloch vs. Maryland | Maryland opposed the National Band tried to tax it out of existence. McCulloch sued Maryland; Ruling was that the states had no power to interfere with the ability of Congress to enact legislation that is “necessary and proper |
| Implied powers | the power necessary to carry to the delegated powers; Marshall enforced “national supremacy” |
| Barbary states | several petty Muslim kingdoms in North Africa. Jefferson wanted to reduce the size of the navy to reduce debt but the piracy by the Barbary states forced him to send warships to bombard Tripoli |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Sold Louisiana territory to USA for $15M because he planned to go to war with Britain and needed money more than land in the USA |
| Louisiana Purchase | more than doubled the size of the US; Jefferson cast aside his constitutional scruples and submitted the treaty to the Senat |
| Meriwether Lewis | Jefferson’s private secretary; along with Clark led an expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory |
| William Clark | headed the expedition along with Louis to explore the Louisiana Territory |
| Zebulon Pike | Army officer who directed two important expeditions up the Mississippi River and the Colorado Rockies. Discovered but did not climb Pike’s Peak – mountain name for him. He also explored Mexico |
| Aaron Burr | vice-president to Jefferson; enemy to Alexander Hamilton; suspected of plotting against Jefferson to become president himself. Began stockpiling weapons. Was arrested and tried for treason; acquitted by Marshall for lack of required “two” witnesses. |
| “Mad Anthony” Wayne | revolutionary war hero who crushed the Indians in the “Battle of Fallen Timbers” |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | named for the maze of tangled trees knocked down during a storm; where “Mad Anthony Wayne” crushed the Indians |
| Treaty of Fort Greenville | Indians surrendered all rights to the southern half of Ohio to Mad Anthony Wayne |
| William Henry Harrison | veteran of Battle of Fallen Timbers. Appointed governor of the Indian Territory; dealt fairly with the Indians; wanted Indians to give up their traditional way of life and open up their lands to settlement |
| Tecumseh | One of the greatest Indian leaders and chief adversary of Harrison. A Shawnee tribe; proposed joining all the Indian tribes into one nation with him as the head. Aided by his brother “the Prophet |
| The Prophet | Tecumseh’s brother, a recovering alcoholic who claimed to have had a revelation from the “Master of Life”. Predicted an eclipse which impressed the Indian tribes and convinced them to join Tecumseh |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | In 1811, Harrison sent a force of 800 men up the Wabash River. “The Prophet” ordered a night attack. The Indians were defeated but Harrison’s forces suffered heavy losses but destroyed Prophetstown |
| The War of 1812 (1812 – 1815) | USA-France and some Indians versus Britain and some Indians. See details below |
| James Madison | Elected as Fourth president in 1808 after crushing Federalist Charles Pinckney; not a great president; had to deal with War with Great Britain |
| Impressment | British claimed the right to stop American Ships, remove British deserters and put them back into service. Sometimes they took American sailors also |
| Chesapeake affair | Captain of British ship Leopard suspected deserters aboard the US Chesapeake and demanded the right to search the ship. The captain of the Chesapeake refused and the British opened fire killing over 20. |
| Chesapeake affair other | The Chesapeake surrendered and the British took four “deserters”, 3 of whom were American |
| Embargo Act | Jefferson did not want war so persuaded Congress to pass this act which banned all American trade with the rest of the world. Failed miserably and hurt Americans most. |
| Non-Intercourse act | replaced the Embargo Act which restored some International trade but not with Britain or France. Offered to restore trade if either nation would lift its trade restrictions; This was not successful either. |
| Macon’s Bill Number Two | abolished Non-intercourse policy and restored all trade. Offered to restored trade with Britain or France if either would restore trade; Napoleon seemingly accepted but Britain was skeptical. Hastened American entrance into the war |
| War Hawks | led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pushed for war with Britain. Feared British trade restrictions would harm trade, feared British were supporting the Indians; some wanted to seize Canada. |
| War Hawks other | Viewed impressments as an insult; elected Clay as Speaker of the House to force Madison towards war |
| Henry Clay | from Kentucky and led War Hawks; Elected as Speaker of the House to force Madison towards war with Great Britain |
| John C. Calhoun | from South Carolina, leader of the War Hawks |
| U.S.S. Constitution (“Old Ironsides”) | defeated British Gueriere and Java with broadsides while the British cannonballs bounced of the solid oak sides of the Constitution |
| Oliver Hazard Perry | built his own ships and dragged canons through the wilderness to Lake Erie; defeated the British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie |
| Battle of Lake Erie | 1813 – Perry defeated the British and sent message to Harrison: “we have met the enemy and they are ours” |
| Battle of the Thames | Harrison routed the British-Indian force; Tecumseh was killed |
| Battle of Bladensburg | British defeated American militia and cleared the path to DC. President Madison and government leaders fled. British set fire to the Capitol. British Admiral Cockburn ordered the destruction of anti-British newspapers” |
| Fort McHenry | fort protecting Baltimore which repelled British siege forcing them to abandon the attack and move on to New Orleans |
| Francis Scott Key | wrote Star Spangled Banner. Was onboard British ship during the shelling of Fort McHenry |
| Andrew Jackson | Tennessee general assigned to help friendly Creeks defend the South against the British; firm and unflinching leader nicknamed “Old Hickory”; annihilated the “unfriendly” creeks in the battle of Horseshoe Bend. Successfully defended New Orleans |
| Battle of Horseshoe Bend | Andrew Jackson annihilated the unfriendly Creeks |
| Battle of New Orleans | Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans, British lost 2,000 men, and Americans lost 13. Fought two weeks after the treaty of Ghent because of slow communication |
| Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814; peace without a victory. Britain and USA simply wanted to stop fighting |
| James Monroe | Fifth president elected in 1816; from Virginia; almost elected unanimously; very popular |
| The Era of Good Feelings | Monroe’s popularity, postwar triumph, collapse of political opposition to the Republicans caused Monroe’s two terms to be called “The Era of Good Feelings” ; caused the collapse of the Federalists |
| Hartford Convention | Federalists met in Hartford, Connecticut to oppose the war and hinted that New England might secede from the Union if its demands were not met; Failed because of the war successes that followed shortly |
| Rush-Bagot treaty | a successful agreement between Britain and USA which called for disarmament in the Great Lakes; provisions extended to the entire US-Canadian border |
| John Quincy Adams | Madison’s secretary of state; used a hard line stance to force Spain to sell Florida rather than go to war |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | US took possession of Florida in 1821 at a cost of $5M. USA now possessed all territory south of Canada and east of the Mississippi and the Louisiana Territory |
| Simon Bolivar | revolutionary Latin American leader who led a break away from European overlords and founded independent republics. |
| Jose de San Martin | One of the Latin American leaders who lead the break away from Europe |
| Monroe Doctrine | established 2 principles: European Nations could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere and the United States would not meddle in European affairs. |
| Monroe Doctrine impact | Formalized America’s determination to remain isolated from Europe and it’s affairs. Became America’s doctrine for dealing with Europe until WWI |
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