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Respiratory sys I
UBSDM 2015 Histology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory System – Functions | Air Conduction, Air Filtration/Conditioning, Gas Exchange, Phonation in larynx. Olfaction in nasal cavity (limited endocrine function) |
| Conduction Portion | Pathway for ambient air and Carbon dioxide rich air in and out of the body. |
| Respiratory System | Location of gas exchange in the lungs. Starts in respiratory bronchioles down to alveoli. |
| General Features of Respiratory System | Tubular organs with 4 layers. Mucosa, Submucosa, Cartilage and Smooth muscle, & Adventitia. |
| Respiratory Mucosa | Faces lumen and contains respiratory epithelium, some CT, Lamina propria. 5 Distinct Cell Types. |
| Respiratory Mucosa – Epithelium | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, Each cell has ~300 cilia. Used to push mucus out to lungs. Covered in mucus that catches fine particles. |
| Immobile Cilia Syndrome (Kartagener’s Syndrome) | Dynein – or molecular cilia motor- is deficient and cilia don’t move. Particulate matter enters the lungs. |
| Respiratory Mucosa – Goblet Cell | Secretes mucin glycoproteins and helps moisten epithelium. |
| Respiratory Mucosa – Brush Cells | Distinguishable by numerous Microvilli on apical surface. May have sensory function as axons are associated with cells |
| Respiratory Mucosa – Basal (Short) Cells | Progenitor cells of respiratory system |
| Respiratory Mucosa – Small Granule Cell | Similar to basal Cell. Contains dense granules EM level. Help control serous & Mucus secretions by polypeptide hormones. |
| Respiratory Submucosa | Loose CT with varying elastic and collagen fibers. Many blood vessels and nerves nourish Respiratory Mucosa. Combines with lamina propria in smaller tubules. |
| Nasal Cavity – External Vestibule | Non-keratinized squamous epithelium. Transitional from Skin to respiratory membrane. Sebaceous & Sweat glands moisten the membrane. Vibrissiae are long hairs that catch large particles and make boogers. |
| Nasal Cavity – Nasal Fossa | 2 big chambers in skull separated by nasal septum. Lateral walls made of conchae. |
| Nasal Cavity – Superior Concha – Sustentacular Cell | Columnar Cell with microvilli that supports olfactory receptor cells and secrete odorant-binding protein. |
| Nasal Cavity – Superior Concha – Basal Cell | Small cells that regenerate other cells |
| Nasal Cavity – Superior Concha – Olfactory Cell | Bipolar neurons with non-motile cilia. |
| Nasal Cavity – Superior Concha – Olfactory Glands of Bowman | Keep olfactory surface moist so scent molecules can dissolve and be detected. |
| Nasal Cavity – Middle/Inferior Concha | Normal Respiratory Epithelium. Swell bodies (venous plexuses) cause unilateral airflow to allow epithelium to rehydrate, preventing desiccation. |
| Paranasal Sinuses | frontal, ethmoid, maxillary(prone to infection), sphenoid bones. Respi¬ratory epithelium with many goblet cells, thin lamina propria, submucosa on periosteum. Mucus in the sinuses drains into the nasal cavity through small openings. Blockage=headache |
| Nasopharynx | Cilia, in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the nasopharynx, move the dust-laden mucus towards the mouth for expulsion. Connects to Auditory Tubes. Surrounded by diffuse lymphoid tissue |
| Larynx – Mucosa | Loosely adherent to cartilaginous frame. Posterior surface of epiglottis epithelium is attached to two folds tightly- The vocal folds. |
| Larynx – Vocal Folds | Covered in stratified partially keratinized epithelium unlike rest of larynx. The superior portion of epiglottis is covered the same. |
| Larynx – Submucosa | Beneath the epithelium of the true vocal folds lie bundles of parallel elastic fibers, the vocal ligament. These bands are strung between the underlying cartilage like the strings on a guitar. Mucous and serous glands are present within the submucosa. |
| Larynx – Cartilage | Two sets of 3 paired and 3 unpaired cartilages. Unpaired are thyroid and cricoid (hyaline) & epiglottal (elastic). 3 paired are arytenoid (Hyaline & Elastic), corniculate & cuniform (elastic) |
| Larynx – Muscle | Extrinsic- Support and surround it with muscle and ligaments. Intrinsic- Skeletal muscles. |
| Larynx – Vocalis Muscle | (part of the thyro-arytenoid muscle) underlies the vocal ligament and functions to regulate the tension of the folds and their ligaments, thus, producing various pitches of sound. |
| Trachea – Mucosa | The mucosa is of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar type which rests on a thick basal lamina. A thick band of elas¬tic fibers separates the lamina propria from the submucosa. |
| Trachea – Submucosa | region contains a plexus of arteries, veins, nerves, and mucoserous glands |
| Trachea – Cartilage and Muscle | 15-20 “C-shaped” rings of hyaline cartilage. Open end is posterior and bound by trachealis muscle. |
| Trachea – Adventitia | The fibrous connective tissue covering over the trachea binds firmly to the cartilage and muscle. The C-shaped cartilages, muscle, and fibrous connective tissue have been sometimes referred to as the adventitial layer. |
| Bronchial Tree | Complex of branching tubes in lungs. Cartilage and glands decline as bronchi shrink. Layers become indistinct. Elastic fibers increase though. |
| Bronchi | The trachea divides into two primary bronchi that further subdivide into lobar bronchi (3 in right lung and 2 in left lung), and then into segmental bronchi. |
| Bronchi – Mucosa | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with a prominent basal lamina. Goblet cells are numerous. There are many elastic fibers in the lamina propria along with a criss¬crossing bundle of spirally arranged smooth muscle. Numerous Lymph Nodules |
| Bronchi – Smooth Muscle | Changes the diameter of bronchi, results in asthma. After death contract to give bronchi a convoluted appearance. |
| Bronchi – Submucosa | Mixed glands appear in the submucosa between the muscle and cartilage and extend through the bronchial tree as far down as the cartilage |
| Bronchi – Cartilage | Hyaline cartilage is present appearing as complete rings within primary bronchi. Secondary (intrapulmonary) bronchi have plates of cartilage |
| Bronchi – Adventitia | Fibrous Connective Tissue lining is continuous with esophagus’ |
| Bronchioles | Very Small intralobular tubes with diameter >5mm. Epithelium goes from respiratory to cuboidal. Lamina propria contains elastic fibers and smooth muscle. A definite submu¬cosa is absent as is the layer of cartilage |
| Bronchioles – Clara Cell | Within epithelium of terminal bronchiole. Contains apical secretory granules of lipoproteins to protect surface. |
| Bronchioles – Neuroepithelial bodies | ~90 cells containing secretory granules. Attached to cholinergic nerves. Sympathetic causes dilation. Parasympathetic causes constriction. Respiratory Bronchioles |
| Alveolar Duct | Numerous Alveoli branch off. Very thin squamous epithelial lining. Knobs of smooth muscle lie in lamina propria. Elastic and collagen are in lamina propria |
| Alveoli | Sac-like evaginations- 200 µm in diameter- where gas exchange takes place. Lined by simple squamous Type 1 pneumocytes. Interstitium between alveoli is filled with capillaries, Collagen/elastic fibers, macrophages, & fibroblasts. |
| Emphysema | Destruction of interalveolar septum. Results in large cyst-like alveoli in which the elastic framework has been extensively damaged. Very common in older people. Directly linked to extensive air pollution and smoking |
| Blood-air-barrier | Thin barrier composed of Type-1 Pneumocytes (simple squamous), single basal lamina of fused endothelium of capillary and pneumocyte. Gas exchange is diffuse, driven by difference in partial pressure. |
| Type-1 Pneumocyte | 95% of alveoli surface. Simple Squamous. Organelles are clustered around nucleus. Pinocytotic vesicles bring in particles and pass them to macrophages |
| Type-2 pneumocyte (Greater Alveolar or Septal Cells) | Cuboidal Cell w/ short microvilli. Creates surfactant. |
| Surfactant | Phospholipid film with high concentration of dipalitoyl lecithin. Decreases surface tension of alveoli which decreases work required to inflate lungs. |
| Hyaline Membrane Disease | Premature infants that have insufficient amounts of surfactant. |
| Alveolar Macrophage (Dust Cell) | Derived from monocyte. Found in interalveolar septum or lumen. Surface receptors are IgG and Cb3. Ingest bacteria. Signal Neutrophils to help. 2mil/hour can be coughed out. |
| Alveolar Contractile Cells | Basal surface of alveolar epithelium. React to antiactin and antimyosin antibodies and decrease lumen size. |
| Blood Supply of Lungs | Bronchial arteries and veins. Extensive network of lymphatics. |
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speedy2782
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