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shit out of luck for US history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Purtian | someone who wanted to purify the Anglican church during 1500s and 1600s |
| Quakers | Pacifists who believe that individuals deserve recognition for their spiritual state. They swear allegiance to God and "quake" under deep religious emotion. |
| Catholics | new religion of choice for Englanders |
| Methodists | branch of the protestant religion, experienced a surge of new membership during the Great Awakening |
| Baptists | branch of the protestant religion, they preached to enslaved African Americans which angered many slave holders |
| New World | term used by Europeans to describe the Americas |
| New England colonies | settled by Puritans who were often intolerant of others beliefs. economy based on ship building, fishing, and lumbering. |
| Middle colonies | settled by the English, Dutch, and Germans, all of whom sought religious freedom. had growth of cities by seaports and commercial centers |
| Southern colonies | immigrants sought land and economic opportunity. economy based on small-scale farming, hunting, and trade further inland |
| Great Awakening | movement during the 1700s that stressed dependence of God |
| Jamestown | It was established by John Smith and was the first permanent English settlement in the New World. Jamestown was located along the banks of the James River, Virginia, and was named in honor of King James I |
| Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom | written by Thomas Jefferson, it ended official relationship between church and state and established principle of religious liberty. |
| Virginia Declaration of Rights | written by George Mason, basic human rights that cannot be violated by governments |
| Mayflower Compact | This was an agreement signed by 41 adult males before the landing at Plymouth by the Separatists. This compact made all settlers consent to be ruled by the majority's will. |
| "Covenant community" | covenants encouraged the development of towns in New England |
| "Cash Crops" | a crop grown primarily for profit |
| Subsistence Farming | farming only enough food to feed one's family |
| colony | a territory owned by a country, often on a different continent |
| Virginia Company of London | goal was to plant colonies in Virginia for England |
| House of Burgesses (Virginia General Assembly) | part of the reforms to attract settlers to Virginia was its ability to elect its own assembly to propose laws |
| Thomas Paine | British-born American writer and Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man (1791-1792), a defense of the French Revolution. |
| John Locke | He was an English philosopher of the Enlightenment whose treatise stated that "a government is created by the people for the people." Locke's writings helped establish the mind-frame of democracy. |
| King George III | King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820) and of Hanover (1815-1820). His government's policies fed American colonial discontent, leading to revolution in 1776 |
| Thomas Jefferson | A member of the second Continental Congress, he drafted the Declaration of Independence. His presidency was marked by the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France. A political philosopher, educator, and architect, Jefferson designed his own estate, |
| Patrick Henry | American Revolutionary leader and orator. member of the House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress, he spurred the creation of the Virginia militia with his words "Give me liberty, or give me death" and served as governor |
| George Washington | American military leader and the first President of the United States. Commander of the American forces in the Revolutionary War, presided over the Second Constitutional Convention. was elected President |
| Benjamin Franklin | American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. Wrote Poor Richard's Almanac, then entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution |
| James Madison | He was a delegate from Virginia and was considered the "Father of the Constitution." He wrote out the Virginia Plan and kept a detailed diary during the convention. |
| Minutemen | companies of civilian soldiers who boasted that they were ready to fight at a minutes notice |
| Social Contract | based on the writings of John Locke, said that governments get their power from its citizens |
| Sovereignty | the act of being ruled by a monarchy |
| Proclaimation of 1763 | purpose was to prevent the automatic succession of Charles's son as King, or the proclamation of another person as King. |
| Stamp Act | Declared all printed materials must have revenue stamp |
| Natural Rights: "life, liberty, and property" | fundamental rights all people are born possessing |
| Enlightenment | movement during the 1700s that promoted science, knowledge, and reason |
| Treaty of Alliance | stated that the US would help France in the event of another British attack and vice verse |
| Treaty of Paris 1763 | Ended French Indian War and gave England all of France's land in America |
| First Continental Congress | body of representatives appointed by the legislatures of Englands colonies in 1774 |
| Common Sense | A passionate protest to persuade the masses into joining the patriots; called for the separation from England and was written in a simple and understandable way. |
| Declaration of Independence | The declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain. |
| Patriots | American colonist who supported the War for Independence |
| Loyalists (Tories) | American colonists who supported Britain and opposed the War for Independence |
| Neutrals | Americans who tried to avoid conflict by not picking either side |
| Articles of Confederation | Limits the powers of the central government to conduct foreign relations and to declare war. |
| Legislative | type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws |
| Executive | branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state |
| Judicial | system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes |
| Virginia Plan | proposed scrapping the Articles of Confederation and creating a new national government with the power to make laws binding upon the states and the ability to tax to raise money |
| Ratify | to confirm a proposal to the constitution |
| Separation of Powers | government principle in which power is divided among different branches |
| Checks and balances | the system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any from becoming too powerful |
| Federalist | a supporter of the Constitution |
| Anti-federalist | an opponent of the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | 10 amendments at the beginning of the constitution that guarantee certain rights that all citizens have and cannot be taken away by the government |
| Virginia Declaration of Rights | rights belonging to all Virginians including speech, religion, bear arms, and trial by jury |
| Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom | declared that Virginia no longer had an official church and that the state could not collect taxes for churches |
| Seven Year's War/French & Indian War | A war between France and England over the land in North America |
| Revolutionary War | war between America and Great Britain for freedom from the its kings and their laws |
| Lexington and Concord | first battles of the Revolutionary War in 1776 |
| Tenton | city in NJ, Americans attacked the British here Dec. 1776 |
| Saratoga | Burgoyne surrenders here october 17, 1777 |
| Yorktown | turing point in the Revolutionary War |
| Boston Massacre | A mob mobbed British troops who fired and killed 5 colonists |
| Boston Tea Party | Sons of Liberty boarded British tea ships and threw the tea overboard |
| George Washington | led the Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War and was elected the first President of the United States of America in 1789 |
| John Adams | (blank) |
| Alexander Hamilton | New York delegate of Congress |
| Thomas Jefferson | president during the War of 1812. purchased the Louisiana territory from Napoleon |
| Meriwether Lewis | was commissioned with William Clark to explore and map the newly purchased Louisiana territory |
| Sacajawea | assisted Lewis and Clark and their team in traveling through the Louisiana Territory |
| William Clark | was commissioned with Meriwether Lewis to explore and map the newly purchased Louisiana territory |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin and the concept of interchangeable parts, both of which increase the economy of the planting communities |
| John Marshall | Supreme Court justice who established the precedent of judicial review. He made the judiciary free from political alliances. |
| Henry Clay | managed the Missouri compromise vote in the house of representatives |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | she and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls convention which began the women's movement. |
| Susan B Anthony | worked for the rights of women in the 19th century, especially suffrage |
| Andrew Jackson | (blank) |
| James Madison | (blank) |
| James Monroe | (blank) |
| Legislative Branch | (blank) |
| Executive Branch | (blank) |
| Judicial Branch | (blank) |
| Delegated Powers | (blank) |
| Reserved Powers | (blank) |
| Federalist | members of the political party which supported a strong centralized federal government |
| Anti-Federalist | opposed a strong federal government |
| Democratic-Republican | Jackson's supporters. took the name to show their opposition to John Quincy Adams |
| National Republicans | promoted nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff, which would promote faster economic development |
| National Bank | (blank) |
| Judicial Review | the power of a court to review a law or an official act of a government employee or agent for constitutionality or (in some jurisdictions) for the violation of basic principles of justice. |
| American System | high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. |
| Manifest Destiny | the idea that God had given the whole continent to the Americans and wanted them to settle it. |
| Aristocracy | a government in which power is given to a small privileged group or class of people believed to be the best individuals in society |
| Artisocrat | a member of an aristocracy |
| Presidential Veto | power granted to the president to prevent passage of legislation |
| "Common Man" | (blank) |
| Pet Banks | state banks that received funds from th federal government. They were created by President Jackson to limit the power and efficiency of the Second U.S. Bank. |
| Spoils System | practice of handing out government jobs to supporters; replacing government employees with the winning candidates supporters |
| Invention of the Cotton Gin | greatly improved the economy of the southern states because they now had the ability to speed up production of cotton |
| Election of 1800 | (blank) |
| Louisiana Purchase | Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to continue his war with Britain. Jefferson bought it and appointed Lewis and Clark to explore it |
| War of 1812 | While Great Britain was fighting France and Napoleon, the US declared war on Great Britain |
| Panic of 1837 | the ecnomic crisis that resulted from the reckless sepculation that led to bank failures and dissatisfaction with the deposit of federal funds in state banks or "pet banks" |
| "Trail of Tears" | path from Georgia to Oklahoma that the Cherokee nation was forced to march resulting in thousands of deaths |
| Indian Removal Act | (blank) |
| Marbury vs Madison | a landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review of Federal statutes by the United States Supreme Court |
| McCulloch vs Maryland | established the basis for the expansive authority of Congress |
| Missouri Compromise | settled the argument on whether the Louisiana purchase would be anti-slave. they decided that the Arkansas territory south of the Missouri on east would be pro-slave, but everywhere else, slavery was illegal |
| Monroe Doctrine | Written by John Q. Adams, stated that Europeans could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere and the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. |
| The Alamo | was an abandoned Spanish Catholic mission refuge to Texas rebels. They fought off attackers for 6 hours before ultimately losing the battle |
| Mexican-American War | was fought between the US and Mexico after the U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico had not recognized the secession of Texas in 1836 and announced its intention to take back what it considered a rebel province. |
| Seneca Falls Conference | marked the beginning of an organized womens movement |
| Frederick Douglass | a literate slave who escaped in maryland. wrote a narrative on his life as a slave and became a big influence in the abolitionist movement |
| Dred Scott | was decided is his case that slaves who escaped to the north were to be forcibly returned to their owners |
| William Lloyd Garrison | publisher of The Liberator |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Nat Turner | a black minister who believed God had chosen him to bring his people out of bondage |
| Abraham Lincoln | president of the Union during the Civil War. officially ended slavery with the Emancipation Proclamation. was assassinated |
| Ulysses Grant | became General in Chief after his victory in Vicksburg. |
| Robert E Lee | was asked by both sides to lead their armies, but since he and his family were natives of Virginia, he decided to lead the confederate army. |
| Thomas Edison | most famous inventor of the 1800's. started GE, the electric company |
| Henry Bessemer | invented an inexpensive way to produce steel |
| Henry Ford | father of modern assembly lines used in mass production |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | built the largest steamboat fleet in America then built his fortune in railroads |
| Wright Brothers | credited with building the world's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered human flight |
| Alexander G Bell | credited with inventing the first telephone, then created AT&T (a phone company) |
| Andrew Carnegie | founder of the Carnegie Steel Company (which later became U.S. Steel) and is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history |
| John D Rockefeller | founded the standard oil company |
| JP Morgan | (blank) |
| Samuel Gompers | (blank) |
| Eugene V Debs | (blank) |
| Theodore Roosevelt | (blank) |
| WilliamTaft | (blank) |
| Woodrow Wilson | (blank) |
| Booker T Washington | (blank) |
| WEB DuBois | the leader of the new generation of African American activists born after the Civil War |
| Susan B Anthony | advocate of women's suffrage before the Civil War and continued with the movement after the war |
| Ida Tarbell | (blank) |
| John Hay | (blank) |
| Abolitionist | argued that slaves should be freed immediately, without gradual measures or compensation to former slaveholders |
| "The Liberator" | an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison |
| Fugitive Slave Act | a person claiming that an African American had escaped from slavery only needed to point said person out and they could take him or her into custody |
| Underground Railroad | a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | novel by Stowe about the evils of slavery |
| King Cotton | phrase was used mainly by Southern politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the crop to southern economy |
| Popular sovereignty | It was designed to pacify both the North and the South. It allowed the people of the territory to decide if they were going to legalize slavery or not. |
| Secession | the act of withdrawing from an established organization. refers to the South seceding from the Union before the Civil War |
| Confederate States of America | government formed by the states that seceded from the Union |
| Reconstruction | The post-civil war period up to the election of 1876 which marked Congress's attempted reconstruction of the South |
| Radical Republicans | wanted to prevent confederate leaders from returning to power, for the republican party to become prominent in the south, and wanted the fed gov to grant suffrage to African Americans |
| Emancipation Proclaimation | speech made by President Lincoln, ending slavery in the Union. |
| 13th Amendment | banned slavery from the US |
| 14th Amendment | Established due process under law; Stopped states from passing laws that denied personal privilege. |
| 15th Amendment | secured suffrage for black males; sent to the states for ratification |
| Jim Crow Laws | state and local laws in the Southern and border states of the US. mandated "separate but equal" status for black Americans, but this led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those provided to white Americans. |
| Lynchings | form of violence, usually murder, conceived of by its perpetrators as extrajudicial punishment for offenders or as a terrorist method of enforcing social domination. |
| "Separate but Equal" | segregation that is justified by giving different groups of people separate facilities or services with the claim that each group still receives equal quality of treatment. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | a railroad that connected the nation from one ocean to the next |
| Mechanical Reaper | (blank) |
| New Immigration | (blank) |
| Old Immigration | (blank) |
| Ellis Island | island in New York, was a port and screening area for immigrants |
| Statue of Liberty | gift from France is in New York, considered to be a symbol of America |
| "Melting Pot" | the idea that immigrants had to conform to American customs in order to succeed in their new country |
| Limited Liability | if a person bought stock in a company and it went bankrupt, the person risked losing his investment but was not responisble for the company's debts |
| Corporation | an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person |
| Bessemer steel process | (blank) |
| Laissez-faire capitalism | the idea that the government should have no part in national economy |
| Child Labor laws | laws that prohibited minors from working over a set number of hours and were required to be paid a set wage |
| strike | a way of dealing with unfair working conditions where all the workers refuse to walk into the building and therefore halt production until their demands are met |
| Knights of Labor | the first nationwide industrial union. called for a 8-hour workday and a gov. bureau for labor statistics |
| American Federation of Labor | worked towards small but necessary goals such as higher wages and better working conditions |
| American Railway Union | orgainized the Pullman Strike |
| Industrial Ladies Garment Union | fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry. |
| Muckrakers | a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society |
| Progressives | believed that industrialism and urbanization had created social problems that the gov should take a more active role in correcting |
| "Square Deal" | Theodore Roosevelts promise for fair and equal treatment for all |
| "New Freedom" | Woodrow Wilson's belief that monopolies were to be destroyed and that freedom was more important than efficiency |
| Open Door Policy | a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in other nation's spheres of influence |
| Dollar Diplomacy | a policy of joining the business interests of a country with it's diplomatic interests abroad |
| Referendum | the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by legislature |
| Initiative | the right of citizens to place issues before the voters or legislature for approval |
| Recall | the right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office |
| Suffrage | The right to vote. Denied to women and African Americans at this time |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion | a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, over 50 people were reported killed. |
| Compromie of 1850 | Steven Douglass took Henry Clay's originial compromise and broke it into several smaller bills so Congress could pass what they wanted to and veto what they didn't |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | would undo the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the territories. Nebraska would be considered northern, and therefore free, and Kansas would be southern, slave. |
| Election of 1860 | (blank) |
| Secession of South Carolina | catalyst to the civil war |
| Civil War | war between the Union States and the Confederacy. to put it simply, it was about the morality of slavery. it is called the bloodiest war in American history |
| Fort Sumter | civil war begins when confederates attack Union forces here |
| Antietam | (blank) |
| Gettysburg | Union victory and turning point of the war |
| Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse | after the Battle of 5 Forks, Lee withdrew his troops and surrendered to Grant. |
| Assassination of Lincoln | dramatically changes the politics of Reconstruction |
| Compromise of 1877 | an unwritten deal that if Rutherford B Hayes was elected president the republicans promised to pull their troops out of the South |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | gave freehold title to 160 acres (about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West |
| Invention of Light Bulb | (blank) |
| Invention of telephone | (blank) |
| Invention of typewriter | (blank) |
| Invention of radio | (blank) |
| "Great Migration" | (blank) |
| Haymarket Riot | (blank) |
| Homestead Strike | a labor lockout and strike with a battle between the strikers and private security agents |
| Pullman Strike | (blank) |
| Triangle Shirtwaist fire | the largest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union |
| Panama Canal | (blank) |
| Annexation of Hawaii | (blank) |
| Annexation of Philippines | (blank) |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration |
| Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 | (blank) |
| Spanish-American War | war between Spain and the US; Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the American battleship USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities. |
| 17th Amendment | The people elect senators as opposed to the state legislature |
| Sherman Anti-trust Act | first United States federal government action to limit monopolies, put responsibility upon government attorneys and district courts to pursue and investigate trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. |
| Clayton Anti-trust Act | outlawed holding companies and put teeth in the anti - trust laws |
| William Taft | (blank) |
| John Hay | (blank) |
| FDR | (blank) |
| Adolf Hitler | Germany dictator who lead the Nazi party. He promised to end hard times which brought him to power. |
| Winston Churchill | (blank) |
| Harry Truman | (blank) |
| Tuskegee Airman | the popular name of a group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332d Fighter Group of the US Army Air Corps. |
| Navajo Indians | created a code for the US military that was difficult for other nations to break |
| Nisei | (blank) |
| Teddy Roosevelt | (blank) |
| Prohibition | laws banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages |
| New Deal | series of programs initiated with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. |
| Nazi Party | stressed the racial purity of the German people and persecuted and attempted to elliminate those it perceived either as enemies or is "life unworthy of life". |
| Fascism | the political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition |
| Anti-Semitism | discrimination against or prejudice or hostility toward Jews. |
| Appeasement | the act of giving in to ridiculous demands to avoid conflict |
| Mobilization | act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war |
| War Bonds | primary source of funds for the war effort |
| "Rosie the Riveter" | mascot of sorts for women to join the work force during the war |
| Blitzkrieg | the sudden violent offensive attacks the Germans used during WWII; "lightning war" |
| Island Hopping | Military strategy in WWII to get to Japan |
| Manhattan Project | Code name for the building and use of an atomic bomb |
| Draft (selective service) | (blank) |
| Dollar Diplomacy | A policy of joining business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad |
| "Final Solution" | as Hitler was losing the war, he decided to speed up the mass murders in the concentration camps. |
| Imperialism | The actions used by one nation to exercise political or economical control over a smaller or weaker nation |
| "Defeat Hitler First" | Churchill and Woodson cooroperated with Stalin because he promised he would help them defeat Hitler, then the two had to deal with communism |
| Genocide | the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group. |
| Holocaust | the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during WWII |
| Red Scare | fear that communism would spread to the US |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels, so many countries stopped buying products from the US, thus increasing the great depression |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | an institution which would guarantee banks, inspired by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and its Deposit Insurance Fund, provides deposit insurance which currently guarantees checking and savings deposits in member banks up to $100,000 per depositor. |
| National Recovery Administration | allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition," which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours |
| Securities and Exchange Commission | a US gov agency that has primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry/stock market |
| Works Progress Administation | (blank) |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | a work relief program for young men from unemployed families |
| 19th Amendment | women suffrage |
| Stock Market Crash | beginning of the Great Depression in the 1930's, everyone suddenly began taking money out of the stock market, which caused all the stocks to go down and people who didn't immediately withdraw money lost everything they had invested |
| Japanese Internment | the forced removal of approximately 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans during World War II. |
| Nuremburg trials | prosicuted Axis Power for war crimes |
| Treaty of Versailles | the peace treaty which officially ended World War I |
| League of Nations | created off of Woodson's 14 points but the US did not initially join |
| War Guilt Clause | Germany was forced to take complete responsibility for starting World War I, caused WWII |
| Reparations | paying for war damages |
| Non-Agression Pact | an international treaty between two or more states, agreeing to avoid war or armed conflict between them and resolve their disputes through peaceful negotiations. |
| Lend-Lease Act | the program under which the United States of America supplied Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with large amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945. |
| Yalta Agreement | decided that all original governments would be restored to the invaded countries and that all civilians would be repatriated. Democracies would be established, all territories would hold free elections, and order would be restored to Europe |
| Spanish American War | (blank) |
| Sinking of the Lusitania | British luxury liner torpedoed and sunk by German submarines - created great anti-German sentiment in the U.S. |
| Zimmerman Note | German proposal to align with Mexico - a primary catalyst for U.S. entry in WWI |
| Wilson's Fourteen Points | president wilson's ideas on how to prevent another war from ever ocurring |
| Manchuria | (blank) |
| Stimson Doctrine | a policy of the United States federal government to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes affected by force. |
| D-Day | the day on which the Battle of Normandy began, began WWII |
| Pearl Harbor | Japan attacked the military base and forced the US into WWII |
| El Alamein | Second Battle of El Alamein-Allied forces broke the Axis line and forced them in a retreat that pushed them all the way back to Tunisia. Winston Churchill, "This is not the end, nor is it even the beginning of end. Perhaps it is the end of the beginning" |
| Battle of Britian | (blank) |
| Stalingrad | a city in the European part of Russia on the Volga; site of German defeat in World War II |
| Battle of the Bulge | (blank) |
| Battle at Midway | defeat for the Japanese and is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of World War II |
| Iwo Kima & Okinawa | (blank) |
| Nagasaki & Hiroshima | the two cities in Japan that were hit with the atomic bombs |
| Geneva Convention | consist of four treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for international law for humanitarian concerns. |
| Bataan Death March | a war crime involving the forcible transfer of prisoners of war, with wide-ranging abuse and high fatalities, by Japanese forces in the Philippines in 1942. |
| Nuremburg Trials | series of trials most notable for the prosecution of the prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. |
| Migration of Afrian Americans | during wartime, many African Americans were unable to join the military so they moved to industrial areas for jobs that white men had left open |
| FDR | (blank) |
| Winston Churchill | (blank) |
| Joseph Stalin | was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until 1953. considered to be an enemy to all people outside of communism |
| Harry Truman | (blank) |
| Senator Joshep McCarthy | accused many Americans of being communist with little or no evidence |
| Fidel Castro | led communist takeover in 1950's |
| Nikita Khrushchev | (blank) |
| JFK | (blank) |
| Martin Luther King, Jr | one of the main leaders of the American civil rights movement, a political activist, a Baptist minister, and was one of America's greatest orators. |
| Thurgood Marshall | lawyer in Brown vs Board of governors before becoming a judge |
| Lyndon Johnson | responsible for designing his Great Society, comprising liberal legislation including civil rights laws, Medicare (health care for the elderly), Medicaid (health care for the poor), aid to education, and a major "War on Poverty". |
| Robert F Kennedy | (blank) |
| Richard Nixon | followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union, only president to resign (he did because of the watergate scandal) |
| Ronald Reagan | (blank) |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | (blank) |
| Alger Hiss | convicted of spying for Soviets |
| Julius & Ethel Rosenberg | convicted and executed for giving nuclear secrets to the soviets |
| John Glenn | (blank) |
| Neil Armstrong | first human to set foot on the moon |
| Oliver Hill | best known as a civil rights attorney and for his work against racial discrimination helped end the doctrine of "separate but equal." |
| Rosa Parks | famous for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott |
| Sally Ride | first female US astronaut |
| Jonas Salk | American physician and researcher, best known for the development of the first polio vaccine |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | first woman to serve in the supreme court |
| Cold War | period of conflict and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and space race |
| Communism | a theory of social organization based on an idea that all property belongs to all people in need of it |
| Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations |
| Iron Curtain | The military, political, and ideological barrier established between the Soviet bloc and western Europe |
| HUAC | investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. (House Committee on Un-American Activities) |
| MaCarthy-ism | McCarthy's tactics of damaging reputations with vague and unfounded charges |
| 38th Parallel | (blank) |
| Arms Race | a competition between nations to have the most powerful military |
| Domino Theory | 1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 2. Tet offensive 3. My Lai Massacre 4. Hawkes vs Doves 5. Antiwar movement |
| Space Race | competition between world nations (esp US and soviet union) for the fastest development of space exploration |
| Civil Disobedience | Refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation, characterized by the use of passive resistance or other nonviolent means. ex Martin Luther King Jr |
| Freedom Rides | series of nonviolent, direct demonstrations performed in 1961 by John Selling as part of the U.S. civil rights movement |
| Sit-ins | strikes in which the workers would sit at their stations and not work, but refuse to leave the building |
| "I have a dream" | famous speech given by Dr Martin Luther King Jr at the March on Washington in 1963 |
| NAACP | formed by William Garrison and WEB Du Bois. It called for full political equality for blacks and an end to racial discrimination. |
| Vietnamization | the process of making South Vietnam assume more of the war effort by slowly withdrawing American troops from Vietnam |
| NATO | (blank) |
| Warsaw Pact | (blank) |
| Stalemate | any position or situation in which no action can be taken or progress made |
| Limited War | a war fought with a limited objective, such as containing communism |
| Escalation | (blank) |
| Massive Retaliation | (blank) |
| Detente | general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War |
| "Duck and Cover" | (blank) |
| Bomb Shelters | structures for the protection of the civil population as well as military personnel against enemy attacks |
| Massive Resistance/Prince Edward | (blank) |
| County | (blank) |
| Pink Collar Ghettos | low prestige, low paying jobs for women |
| Glass Ceiling | career advancement not equal for men and women |
| Glasnost | a Soviet party permitting open discussion of political and social issues and freer dissemination of news and information |
| "White Flight" | upper and middle class white people move away from non-white inner-city neighborhoods to predominantly white suburbs and exurbs. |
| Brown vs Board of Education | ruled that segregated schools that were unequal must desegregate |
| Civil Rights Act 1964 | landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin: in voting, employment, and public services, such as transportation. |
| Voting Rights Act 1965 | outlawed the requirement that voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote |
| Korean War | (blank) |
| Vietnam War | (blank) |
| Marshall Plan | the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. |
| Berlin Blockade | one of the first major crises of the new Cold War, when the Soviets blocked American, British, and French railroad and street access to their land in western Berlin. |
| Berlin Wall | a separation barrier between West Berlin and East Germany (the German Democratic Republic), which closed the border between East and West Berlin for 28 years, iconic symbol of the Cold War. |
| NATO | (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)- organisation established a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party |
| People's Republic of China formed | (blank) |
| North Korea invades South Korea | (blank) |
| Alger Hiss Case | accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge. remains controversial |
| Rosenburg Trial | (blank) |
| School Desegregation | (blank) |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | a political and social protest against the Montgomery, Alabama city policy of racial segregation on its public transit system |
| March on Washington | King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial. JFK feared it would turn violent |
| Bay of Pigs | attempted invasion by Cuban exiles- failed |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | JFK ordered the Soviets to remove missiles and began a naval blockade of Cuba |
| Watergate | (blank) |
| Kent State | (blank) |
| Hampton Roads and the Pentagon | (blank) |
| Establishment of the World Wide Web and other forms of technology | (blank) |
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