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Am History 8
The Federalist Years
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| George Washington | (page 153) organized three departments under the executive branch: state, treasure, war; appointed secretaries and chiefs |
| Thomas Jefferson | (page 154) – was minister to France for 5 years. Headed Department of State |
| Alexander Hamilton | (page 154) – became secretary of Treasury; Henry Knox became head of department of war. |
| Alexander Hamilton | outlined plan to resolve the nation’s debt problem via a national bank, national mint, economic expansion; presented Report on Public Credit |
| Cabinet | (page 154) – department heads who became an advisory body to Washington |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | (page 154) – organized 13 district courts, one for each of the states; established 3 circuit courts to handle of appeals; set the number of Supreme Justices at 6; John Jay appointed as chief Justice |
| James Madison | (page 155) leader in House of Representatives; “a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us; our successor will have an easier task” |
| Bill of Rights | (page 155) – first 10 Amendments to the Constitution |
| funding | proposed that the Federal government give bonds paying 6% interest to those whom the Continental Congress owned money; bond recognized as currency (aka “monetizing the debt” – turning it into money); debt was over $77M |
| assumption | taking over all state debt by the national government; Southern states had paid their debt while the New England states were delinquent, so this was unfair; Madison was against this plan |
| loose constructionist | advocated more flexibility in discerning the meaning of the Constitution |
| strict constructionist | wanted to stick directly to the Constitution |
| National Bank | Hamilton proposal as the basis of a sound economy, issue uniform currency, provide a source for business loans and spur economic expansion; had a 20 year charters; challenged by Madison and Jefferson on constitutional grounds |
| Federalists | claimed to be the true keepers of the Constitutional flame (aka Hamiltonians, Monarchists) ; believed the future was in commerce and industry |
| Republicans (Democratic-Republicans) | viewed as last line of defense against Federalist tyranny and American liberty (aka Jeffersonians or Madisonians) – friend of the farmer; distrusted centralized government; the greatest resources were the land and the people – connected by a plow |
| French Revolution | started in 1789; beheaded Louis XVI; resulted in blood-thirsty reign of terror; eventually declared war on Britain in 1793 |
| Proclamation of Neutrality | Washington declared the USA would remain impartial towards the belligerent powers |
| Citizen Genet | made a grand tour of the country stirring up pro-French sentiment |
| Jay’s Treaty | stopped the British piracy of USA ships |
| Whiskey Rebellion | people rebelled because government began to tax whiskey to pay off debt; Washington took 13,00 troops and crushed the rebellion |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | urged nations to lay aside partisan divisions and cultivate commercial ties with Europe but avoid political ones; established America’s basic foreign policy until WWII |
| Daniel Boone | from KY; American’s best know frontiersman; had a rifle named “ticklicker”; explored KY in the 1760’s |
| John Adams | nominated as the Federalist’s candidate after serving as Washington’s vice-president for two terms |
| Quasi War | French started seizing American cargo after Jay’s treaty; a war without formal declaration |
| XYZ Affair | was Adams report to Congress hiding the names of the French agents who had demanded $250K for each Director and a $12M loan on behalf of the French foreign minister Charles Maurice Tallyrand |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | Federalists who controlled Congress sought to silence their political opponents |
| Kentucky Resolutions | Jefferson’s response to the Acts by writing the Kentucky Resolution; |
| Virginia Resolutions | response opposing the A&S acts a violation of the First Amendment; expressed the rights of the states to judge the constitutionality of law; suggested the states had the right to secede when the federal government acted unconstitutionally; |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | Federalists lost control of the legislative and executive branches in 1800. Adams act to strengthen Federalist control of the judiciary. The Act increased the number of Federal judges; appointed Federalist John Marshall as chief justice |
| “midnight appointments" | John Adams was accused of staying up until midnight the night before Jefferson’s inauguration signing commissions for the new judges. |
| Alien Act | gave the president power to expel or imprison “undesirables”; |
| Sedition Act | outlined penalties for anti-government activities and made it illegal to speak or write anything false or malicious against the government. |
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