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History & Soc. Stud.
History and Social Studies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| archaeology | the study of ancient peoples |
| artifact | an item left behind by early people that represents their culture |
| nomad | person who moves from place to place in search of food or grazing land |
| migration | a movement of a large number of people into a new homeland |
| maize | an early form of corn grown by Native Americans |
| carbon dating | a scientific method used to determine the age of an artifact |
| civilization | a highly developed culture, usually with organized religions and laws |
| theocracy | a form of government in which the society is ruled by religious leaders |
| hieroglyphics | represents words, sounds and concepts |
| Quechua | language spoken by the Inca |
| quipu | calculating device developed by the Inca |
| terrace | a raised piece of land with the top leveled off to promote farming |
| pueblo | home or community of homes built by Native Americans |
| federation | a type of government that links differenct groups together. |
| clan | a group united by a common interest or characteristic |
| Ice Age | ice sheets, or glaciers, formed and covered much of the Earth |
| Olmec | Early Native American civilization along the Gulf Coast of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras |
| Maya | Native American civilization that developed a form of writing called hieroglyhpics |
| Aztec | people who founded Tenochtitlan, a city that became part of present-day Mexico City. |
| Inca | the largest of the Native American civilizations that developed in the western highlands of South America |
| Mound Builders | prehistoric Native Americans who built thousands of mounds in central North America |
| Iroquois | Native American group tha established the Great Peace |
| channel | a trench or groove to allow the passage of water |
| classical | relating to ancient Greece and Rome |
| astrolabe | an instrument used by sailors to observe position of stars |
| mosque | a Muslim house of worship |
| Quran | the book composed of sacred writings accepted by Muslims as revelations made to Muhammad by Allah through the angel Gabriel |
| saga | a long detailed story |
| line of demarcation | an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal |
| strait | a narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies of water |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the world |
| conquistador | Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s |
| encomienda | system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land |
| plantation | a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there |
| mercantilism | the theory that a states or nations power depended on its wealth power depended on its wealth |
| Columbian Exchange | exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas |
| coureur de bois | French trapper living among Native Americans |
| Marco Polo | he described Asias marvels in his book Travels which inspired Christopher Columbus |
| Renaissance | means rebirth in French and refers to the renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman learning |
| Mansa Musa | Malis greatest king |
| Henry the Navigator | Prince Henry of Portugal who helped lay the groundwork for the era of exploration |
| Bartholomeu Dias | sailed past the southernmost point of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope |
| Vasco da Gama | completed the long-awaited eastern sea route to Asia |
| Christopher Columbus | his plan for reaching Asia by sailing west led him to the Americas |
| Amerigo Vespucci | in 1502 concluded that South America was a continent, not part of Asia |
| Ferdinand Magellan | led first expedition to sial around the world |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer who conquered Mexico |
| Montezuma | the Aztec emperor |
| Francisco Pizarro | a conquistador who gained control of most of the vast Inca empire |
| Hernando de Soto | led first Spanish expedition to cross the Mississippi River |
| Martin Luther | his protests started the Protestant Reformation |
| Protestan Reformation | a great religious and historical movement which began with Luthers protests |
| John Calvin | a French religious thinker who also broke away from the Catholic Church |
| John Cabot | sailed for England looking for a northern route to Asia |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who sailed up the St. Lawrence River |
| Henry Hudson | sailor hired by the Netherlands to find a passage through the Americas |
| charter | a document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area |
| headright | a 50-acre grant of land given to colonial settlers who paid their own way |
| joint-stock company | a company which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits |
| burgesses | elected representatives to an assembly |
| dissent | disagreement with or opposition to an opinion |
| Pilgrim | Separatist who journeyed to the colonies during the 1600s for a religious purpose |
| Puritan | Protestant who wanted to reform the Anglican Church |
| Separatist | Protestants who wanted to leave the Anglican Church in order to found their own churches |
| Mayflower Compact | a formal document that provided law and order to the Plymouth colony |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | the first written plan for a government in America |
| patroon | landowner in the Dutch colonies who ruled like a king over large areas of land |
| proprietary colony | colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted |
| pacifist | person opposed to the use of war or violence to settle disputs |
| indentured servant | laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America |
| constitution | a list of fundamental laws to support a government |
| debtor | person or country that owes money |
| tenant farmer | farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or crops |
| Sir Francis Drake | English adventurer who attacked Spanish ships and ports |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | English explorer given land in North America by Queen Elizabeth |
| Captain John Smith | an experienced explorer, credited with the Jamestown colony surivel |
| House of Burgesses | a governing body of Virginia colonists |
| William Bradford | leader and historian of the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth in Cape Cod Bay |
| Squanto | a Native American who showed the Pilgrims how to survive on the land |
| John Winthrop | Puritan governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company |
| Roger Williams | established a colony on Rhode Island where freedom of religion was practiced |
| Duke of York | a brother of King Chrales II who was given the colony of New Netherland |
| William Penn | a wealthy English Quaker who established the Pennsylvania colony |
| Quakers | refused to use force or fight in wars |
| Nathaniel Bacon | led a rebellion which opposed the colonial governments pledge to stay out of Native American territory in western Virginia |
| James Oglethorpe | received acharter for a colony, Georgia, where debtors and poor people could make a fresh start |
| Louis Joliet | a fur trader who explored the Mississippi River |
| Jacques Marquette | a priest who explored the Mississippi River |
| Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sier de La Salle | followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the region for France, Louisiana |
| policy | plan of action |
| ethnic | pertaining to a group sharing a common culture |
| subsistence farming | farming in which only enough food to feed ones family is produced |
| triangular trade | a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa |
| Middle Passage | a part of the Triangular trade when enslaved Africans were shipped to the West Indies |
| Tidewater | a region of flat, low-lying plains along the seacoast |
| backcountry | a region of hills and forests west of the Tidewater |
| overseer | person who supervises a large operation or its workers |
| slave code | laws passed in the Southern states that controlled and restricted enslaved people |
| charter colony | colony established by a group of settlers who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle |
| proprietary colony | colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted |
| royal colony | colony run by a governor and a council appointed by the king or queen |
| Iroquois Confederacy | a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida |
| militia | a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies |
| speculator | person who risks money in order to make a large profit |
| Olaudah Equiano | a young African who was forced onto a ship to America |
| Glorious Revolution | a period which demonstrated the power of the elected representatives over the monarch |
| Navigation | directed the trade between England and the colonies |
| Great Awakening | a religious revival which swept through the colonies from the 1720s through the 1740s |
| Enlightenment | a movement begun in Europe based upon the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society |
| George Washington | a surveyor who was sent into Ohio country to tell the French that they were trespassing |
| Albany Plan of Union | Benjamin Franklins plan for a united colonial government for eleven of the American colonies |
| William Pitt | served as secretary of state and then as prime minister fo Great Britain |
| Jeffrey Amherst | one of the British commanders sent by Pitt to conquer French Canada |
| James Wolfe | British commander who led forces in the Battle of Quebec |
| Treaty of Paris | forced France to give its American land to Great Britain |
| Pontiacs War | united resistance of Native Americans to European colonists in Virginia |
| Proclamation of 1763 | set the Appalachian Mountains as the temporary western boundary for the colonists |
| design | a plan or course of action |
| resolution | a formal expression fo opinion |
| repeal | to cancel an act or law |
| writ of assistance | legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled |
| effigy | rage figure representing an unpopular individual |
| nonimportation | the act of not importing or using certain goods |
| propaganda | ideas or information designed and spread to influence opinion |
| committee of correspondence | an organization that spread political ideas through the colonies |
| Loyalist | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence |
| Patriot | American colonist who favored American Independence |
| petition | a formal request |
| preamble | the introduction to a formal document, especially the Constitution |
| Stamp Act | a law that placed a tx on almost all printed material in the colonies |
| Patrick Henry | a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses |
| Samuel Adams | helped start an organization called the Sons of Liberty to protest the Stamp-Act |
| Crispus Attucks | a dockworker who was part African, part Native American, who was killed in the Boston Massacre |
| Boston Massacre | a fight between Bostonians and British soldiers resulted in killing five of the colonists |
| Tea Act | law allowing the British East India Company a virtual monopoly of the trade for tea |
| Boston Tea Party | a group of men disguised as Mohawks threw 342 chests of tea overboard in Boston Harbor |
| George III | British King at the time of the Boston Tea Party |
| Coercive Acts | closed Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea |
| Continetal Congress | a political body formed to represent American interests and challenge British control |
| John Adams | Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress |
| John Rey | New York delegate to the Continental Congress |
| Richard Henry Lee | Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress |
| George Washington | Virginia dlelgate to the Continental Congress |
| Paul Revere | rode to lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British were coming |
| Second Continental Congress | assembled for the first time May 10, 1775, and set up the Continental Army |
| Continental Army | created to fight against Britain in a more organized way than the colonial militias could |
| Olive Branch Petition | assured the king of the colonists desire for peace and aked him to protect the colonists rights |
| Thomas Paine | called for complete independence form Britain |
| Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that greatly influenced opinion throughout the colonies |
| Declartion of Independence | announced the birth of a new antion, committing Americans to struggle for independence |
| mercenary | paid soldier who serves in the army of a foreign country |
| inflation | a continuous rise in the price of goods and services |
| blockade | cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out, to close off a countrys ports |
| privateer | armed private ship licensed to attack merchant ships |
| guerrilla warfare | a hit and run technique used in fighting a war, fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes |
| ratify | to give official approval to |
| Hessian | German soliders hired by the British to fight the colonists |
| General William Howe | British commander |
| Nathan Hale | volunteered to spy on British troops |
| Lemuel Hayes | African American who fought at Concord |
| Peter Salem | African American who fought at Concord |
| Benedict Arnold | led American forces that stopped the British from reaching Albany |
| General Horatio Gates | blocked British General Burgoynes path to the south |
| Bernardo de Galvez | the Spanish governor of Louisana |
| Marquis de Lafayette | a French noble who was among the leaders at Valley Forge |
| Friedrich von Steuben | a former army officer from Prussia who came to help Washington at Valley Forge |
| Juan de Miralles | urged Spain, Cuba, and Mexico to send financial aid to the colonies |
| Judith Sargeant Murray | argued that womens minds are as good as mens |
| Abigail Adams | stood up for womens interests |
| George Rogers Clark | a lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia |
| John Paul Jones | daring American naval officer who raided British ports |
| Battle of Moores Creek | site of battle near wilmington, N. Carolina |
| General Charles Cornwallis | commander of British forces in the South |
| Francis Marion | guerrilla leader, known as the Swamp Fox |
| Nathanael Greene | replaced Gates as commander of the Continental forces in the South |
| Comte de Rochambeau | commander of French forces trapped in Newport, Rhode Island |
| Francois de Grasse | a French naval commander |
| Battle of Yorktown | where Cornwallis surrendered his troops |
| Benjamin Franklin | a delegate to Paris to work out a treaty after Yorktown |
| John Adams | a delegate to Paris to work out a treaty after Yorktown |
| John Jay | a delegate to Paris to work out a treaty after Yorktown |
| Treaty of Paris | signed on Septmeber 3, 1783, recognizing the United States as an independent nation |
| bicameral | consisting of two houses, or chambers, especially in a legislature |
| republic | a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives |
| ordinance | a law or regulation |
| manumission | the freeing of some enslaved persons |
| compromise | agreement between two or more sides in which each side gives up some of what it wants |
| legislative branch | the branch of government that makes the nations laws |
| executive bracn | the branch of government, headed by the president, that carries out the nations laws and policies |
| Electoral College | a special group of voters selected by their states voters to vote for the president and vice president |
| judicial branch | the branch of government, including the federal court system, that interprets the nations laws |
| checks and balances | the system in which each branchof government has a check on the other two branches so that no one branch becomes too powerful |
| amendment | an addition to a formal document such as the Constitution |
| Articles of Confederation | the nations first constitution |
| John Adams | sent by Congress to Britain to discuss trade policy |
| Shayss Rebellion | rebellion by Massachusetts farmers against the government |
| James Madison | a Virginia planter |
| Alexander Hamilton | a New York Lawyer |
| Virginia Plan | called for a two-house legislature, a chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a court system |
| New Jersey Plan | called for a one-house legislature and a weak executive branch |
| Great Compromise | agreement to establish three separate branches of government and a two-house legislature |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | an agreement to count each enslaved person as three-fifths of a free person for taxation and representation |
| John Locke | an English philosopher who believed that all people have natural rights |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French writer who declared that the powers of government should be sparated and balanced against each other |
| clause | a condition added to a document |
| convention | formal meeting |
| precedent | a tradition |
| cabinet | a group of advisers to the president |
| tariff | a tax on imports or exports |
| neutrality | a position of not taking sides in a conflict |
| impressment | forcing people into serive, as in the navy |
| partisan | favoring one side of an issure |
| caucus | a meeting held by a plitical party to choose their partys candidate for president or decide policy |
| sedition | activities aimed at weakening established government |
| states rights | rights and powers independent of the federal government that are reserved for the states by the Constitution; the belief that states rights supersede federal rights and law |
| Thomas Jefferson | led the State Department in Washingtons cabinet |
| Alexander Hamilton | led the Department of the Treasury |
| John Jay | first chief justice of the Supreme Court |
| Bill of Rights | a set of amendments added to the Constitution that guaranteed civil liberties |
| Whiskey Rebellion | reaction of western Pennsylvania farmers to the tax on whiskey |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | the site of a Native Americans defeat that crushed their hope of keeping their land |
| Treaty of Greenville | Native Americans agreed to surrender most of the land in what is now Ohio |
| Jays Treaty | an agreement that the British would leave American soil |
| Pinckneys Treaty | treaty with Spain that gave the Americans free navigation fo the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | laws allowing those considered dangerous to the country to be imprisoned or deported |
| principle | basic or fundamental reason, truth, or law |
| confederation | a group of individuals or state government |
| ratify | to vote approval of |
| federalism | a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states |
| anti-federalists | those who opposed ratification of the Constitution |
| popular sovereignty | the notion that power lies with the people |
| rule of law | principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern |
| separation of powers | the split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches |
| expressed powers | powers that Congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution |
| reserved powers | powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states |
| concurrent powers | powers shared by the state and federal governments |
| assume | to take over a job or responsibility |
| Preamble | the part of the Constitution that explains the porposes of the government |
| Article One | describes the legislative branch |
| civil liberties | freedoms to think and act without government interference or fear of unfair legal treatment |
| libel | written untruths that are harmful to someones reputation |
| indictment | a formal charge by a grand jury |
| due process | following established legal procedures |
| eminent domain | the right of government to take private property for public use |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| poll tax | a sum of money required of voters before they are permitted to cast a ballot |
| affirmative action | programs intended to make up for past discrimination by helping minority groups and women gain access to jobs and opportunities |
| racial profiling | singling out an individual as a suspect due to apperance of ethnicity |
| duty | things we are required to do |
| responsibility | an obligation that we fulfill voluntarily |
| bureaucracy | complex systems with many departments, many rules, and many people in the chain of command |
| domestic | relating to or occurring in ones own country |
| constituent | a person from a legislators district |
| gerrymander | an oddly-shaped election district designed to increase voting strength of a particular group |
| majority party | in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the political party to which more than half the members belong |
| minority party | in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the political party to which fewer than half the members belong |
| standing committee | permanent committee that continues to work from session to session in Congress |
| elastic clause | clause in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers |
| impeach | to accuse government officials of misconduct in office |
| writ of habeas corpus | a court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person |
| bill of attainder | a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court |
| ex post facto law | a law that would allow a person to be punished for an action that was not against the law when it was committed |
| franking privilege | the right of senators and representatives to send job-related mail without paying postage |
| lobbyist | representative of an interest group who contacts lawmakers or other government officials directly to influence their policy making |
| pork-barrel project | government project grant that primarily benefits the home district or state |
| joint resolution | a resolution that is passed by both houses of Congress |
| filibuster | a tactic for defeating a bill in the Senate by talking until the biss sponsor withdraws it |
| cloture | a procedure used in the Senate to limit debate on a bill |
| veto | refusal to sign a bill or resolution |
| pocket veto | presidents power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days |
| regulate | to control or govern |
| Senate | has 100 members |
| Electoral College | a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president |
| executive order | a rule or command that has the force of law |
| reprieve | an order to delay a persons punishment until a higher court can hear the case |
| amnesty | a pardon to a group of people |
| treaty | a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries |
| executive agreement | an agreement between the president and the leader of another country |
| ambassador | an official representative of a countrys government |
| trade sanction | an effort to punish another nation by imposing trade barriers |
| embargo | an agreement among a group of nations that prohibits them all from trading with a target nation |
| federal bureaucracy | agencies and the employees of the executive branch of government |
| independent agency | federal board or commission that is not part of any cabinet department |
| government corporation | a business owned and operated by the federal government |
| political appointee | person appointed to a federal position by the president |
| spoils system | rewarding people with government jobs on the basis of their political support |
| merit system | hiring people into government jobs on the basis of their qualifications |
| House of Representative | must be at least 25 years old |
| presidential candidate | must recieve at least 270 electoral votes |
| President | at least 35 years old, a native-born American citizen, and a resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years |
| speaker of the House | becomes prsident if the president and vice president both die or leave office |
| chief of staff | is the most powerful member of the president's staff |
| circuit | the area of jurisdiction of a federal court of appeals |
| exclusive jurisdiction | authority of only federal courts to hear and decide cases |
| concurrent jurisdiction | authority for both state and federal courts to hear and decide cases |
| district court | federal court where trials are held and lawsuits are begun |
| original jurisdiction | the authority to hear cases for the first time |
| appeals court | a court that reviews decisions made in lower district courts |
| appellate jurisdiction | the authority of a court to hear a case appealed from a lower court |
| remand | to send a case back to a lower court to be tried again |
| opinion | a detailed explanation of the legal thinking behind a courts decision in a case |
| precedent | a ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case |
| judicial review | the power of the Supreme Court to say whether any federal, state, or local law or government action goes against the Constitution |
| constitutional | in accordance with the Constitiution |
| docket | a courts calendar, showing the schedule of cases it is to hear |
| brief | a written document explaining the position of one side or the other in a case |
| majority opinion | a written statement that presents the views of the majority of Supreme Court justices regarding a case |
| unanimous opinion | a statement written by a justice of the Supreme Court on a case in which all the justices agree on the ruling |
| concurring opinion | a statement written by a justice who votes with the majority, but for different reasons |
| dissenting opinion | a statement written by a justice who opposes the majority decision, presenting his or her opinion |
| stare decisis | the practice of using earlier judicial rulings as a bsis for deciding cases |
| precinct | a geographic area that contains a specific number of voters |
| ballot | the list of candidates on which you cast your vote |
| absentee ballot | ballot that allows a person to vote without going to the polls on Election Day |
| exit poll | a survey taken at polling places of how people voted |
| electorate | all the people who are eligible to vote |
| apathy | a lack of interest |
| demand | the desire, willingness, and ability to buy a good or service |
| demand schedule | table showing quantities demanded at different possible prices |
| demand curve | downward-sloping line that graphically shows the quantities demanded at each possible price |
| law of demand | the concept that people are normally willing to buy less of a product if the price is high and more of it if the price is low |
| market demand | the total demand of all consumers for a product or service |
| utility | the amount of satisfaction one gets from a good or serice |
| marginal utility | additional use that is derived from each unit acquired |
| substitute | a competing product that consumers can use in place of another |
| complement | product often used with another product |
| demand elasticity | measure of responsiveness relating change in quantity demanded to a change in price |
| supply | the amount of goods and services that producers are able and willing to sell at various prices during a specified time period |
| law of supply | the principle that suppliers will normally offer more for sale at higher prices and less at lower prices |
| supply schedule | table showing quantities supplied at different possible prices |
| supply curve | upward-slopping line that graphicaly shows the quantities supplied at each possible price |
| profit | the money a business receives for its products or services over and above its costs |
| market supply | the total of the supply schedules of business that provide the same good or serive |
| productivity | the degree to which resources are being used efficiently to produce goods and services |
| technology | the methods or processes used to make goods and services |
| subsidy | a government payment to an individual, business, or group in exchange for certain actions |
| supply elasticity | responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price |
| surplus | situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded |
| shortage | situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied |
| equilibrium price | the price at which the amount producers are willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy |
| price ceiling | maximum price that can be charged for goods and services, set by the government |
| price floor | minium price that can be charged for goods and services, set by the government |
| minimum wage | lowest legal wage that can be paid to most US workers |
| mechanism | the steps that compose a process or activity |
| desert | an area of land, usually in very hot climates, that consists only of sand, gravel, or rock with little or no vegetation, no permanent bodies of water, and erratic rainfall |
| highland | hilly ground, higher than its surroundings |
| tropical | very hot and often combined with a high degree of humidity |
| tundra | the level or nearly level treeless plain between the ice cap and the timber line of North America, Europe, and Asia that has permanently frozen subsoil |
| movement of glaciers | geographical event that contributed to the formation of the Great Lakes |
| continental drift | a theory that explains the formation, alteration, and extremely slow movement of the continents across the Earth's crust |
| earthquakes | a violent shaking of the Earth's crust that may cause destruction to buildings and results from the sudden release of tectonic stress along a fault line or from volcanic activity |
| global warming | an increase in the world's temperatures, believed to be caused in part by the greenhouse effect |
| renewable energy | any naturally occurring inexhaustible source of energy; wood, hydroelectric power, solar power |
| non-renewable energy | a natural resource such as coal, gas, or oil that, once consumed, cannot be replaced |
| The Enlightenment | A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms |
| cultural diffusion | the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another |
| cultural diversity | the cultural variety and cultural differences that exist in the world, a society, or an institution |
| cultural lag | slowness in the rate of change of one part of a culture in relation to another part, resulting in a maladjustment within society |
| cultural universal | is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide |
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