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A&P 2 - E3 - P4
A&P 2 - Exam 3 - Part 4 - Respiratory Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Breathing is also known as ________. | pulmonary ventilation |
| _________ moves air into the lungs. | inspiration |
| _________ moves air out of the lungs. | expiration |
| The pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish two ____________ gradients. | gas pressure |
| The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs must be lower than atmospheric pressure to produce ___________. | inspiration |
| The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs must be higher than atmospheric pressure to produce ___________. | expiration |
| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the size of the thoracic cavity that are produced by ________ and ________ of muscles. | contraction, relaxation |
| ________ states that the volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature. | Boyle's law |
| Expansion of the thorax results in ________ intrapleural pressure, leading to a ________ alveolar pressure causing air to move into the lungs. | decreased, decreased |
| Contraction of the diaphragm produces __________, as it contracts, it makes the thoracic cavity _________. | inspiration, larger |
| _______ is the ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration possible. | compliance |
| _________ is a passive process that begins when the inspiratory muscles are relaxed. | expiration |
| During expiration the inspiratory muscles are relaxed, decreasing the size of the _______ and increasing _______ pressure from about -6 mm Hg to a preinspiration level of -4 mm Hg. | thorax, intrapleural |
| During expiration the inspiratory muscles are relaxed, decreasing the size of the thorax and increasing intrapleural pressure from about ______ to a preinspiration level of ______. | -6 mm Hg, -4 mm Hg |
| The pressure between parietal and visceral pleura is always ______ than atmospheric pressure. | less |
| ________ is the tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched, passively during expiration. | elastic recoil |
| The amount of air moved in and out and remaining (_________) is important in order that a normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide can take place. | pulmonary volumes |
| ________ is an instrument used to measure volume of air. | spirometer |
| ________ is the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration. | tidal volume (TV) |
| ________ is the largest volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled. | expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
| ______ is a normal ERV. | 1.2 liters |
| ______ is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration. | inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| ______ is a normal IRV. | 3.3 liters |
| ______ is the amount of air that cannot be forcibly exhaled. | residual volume (RV) |
| ______ is a normal RV. | 1.2 liters |
| A ___________ is the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes. | pulmonary capacity |
| _________ is the sum of IRV + TV + ERV. | vital capacity |
| ______ is the amount of air remaining after a lung collapses and most of RV is gone. | minimal volume |
| A person's vital capacity depends on many factors, including the size of the ________ and ________. | thoracic cavity, posture |
| ________ is the amount of air left in lungs at the end of a normal expiration. | functional residual capacity |
| _________ is the sum of all four major lung volumes (IRV + ERV + TV + RV) | total lung capacity |
| ________ is the total amount of air a lung can hold. | total lung capacity |
| ________ is the volume of inspired air that reaches the alveoli. | alveolar ventilation |
| _________ is the air in passageways that do not participate in gas exchange. | anatomical dead space |
| Alveoli must be properly ________ for adequate gas exchange. | ventilated |
| ________ pressure of gases is the pressure exerted by any one gas in a mixture of gases or a liquid. | partial |
| _______ is the law which relates to partial pressures. | Dalton's law |
| Dalton's law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is __________ related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the ___________ of the mixture. | directly, total pressure |
| Arterial blood Po2 and Pco2 __________ alveolar Po2 and Pco2. | equal |
| The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place between alveolar ____ and ______ flowing through lung capillaries. | air, blood |
| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: The oxygen _________ between alveolar air and blood. | pressure gradient |
| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: The total functional _______ of the respiratory membrane. | surface area |
| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: The respiratory ______ volume. | minute |
| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: Alveolar __________ | ventilation |
| The walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very _____ barrier for gases to cross. | thin |
| Alveolar and capillary ______ are large. | surfaces |
| Blood is distributed through the capillaries in a thin layer so each red blood cell comes ___________ to alveolar air. | close |
| ________ and _______ are transported as solutes and as parts of molecules of certain chemical compounds. | oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| Hemoglobin is made up of four polypeptide chains (two _____ chains, two _____ chains), each with an iron-containing ______ group. | alpha, beta, heme |
| Carbon dioxide can bind to ________ in the chains and oxygen can bind to _______ in the heme groups of hemoglobin. | amino acids, iron |
| Oxygenated blood contains about ______ ml of dissolved O2 per 100 ml of blood. | 0.3 |
| Hemoglobin increases the ________ carrying capacity of blood. | oxygen |
| Oxygen travels in two forms: as ________ O2 in plasma and associated with hemoglobin as _________. | dissolved, oxyhemoglobin |
| __________ blood Po2 accelerates hemoglobin association with oxygen. | increasing |
| Oxyhemoglobin carries the _______ of the total oxygen transported by blood. | majority |
| A small amount of CO2 dissolves in plasma and is transported as a solute, what percentage? | 10% |
| Less than one fourth of blood carbon dioxide combines with NH2 (amine) groups of hemoglobin and other proteins to form ______________. | carbaminohemoglobin |
| What percentage of blood carbon dioxide combines with NH2 (amine) groups of hemoglobin and other proteins to form carbaminohemoglobin? | 20% |
| Carbon dioxide association with hemoglobin is accelerated by an _____________ in blood Pco2. | increase |
| More than two thirds of carbon dioxide is carried in plasma as ___________. | bicarbonate ions |
| What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions? | 70% |
| The exchange of gases in tissues takes place between arterial blood flowing through tissue ______ and ______. | capillaries, cells |
| Oxygen diffuses out of arterial blood because the ______ favors its outward diffusion. | oxygen pressure gradient |
| As dissolved oxygen diffuses out of arterial blood, blood Po2 _______, which ________ oxyhemoglobin dissociation to release more oxygen to plasma for diffusion to cells. | decreases, accelerates |
| Carbon dioxide exchange between tissues and blood takes place in the ______ direction from oxygen exchange. | opposite |
| The _______ states that increased Pco2 _______ the affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin. | Bohr effect, decreases |
| The _______ states that increased carbon dioxide loading is caused by a _________ in Po2. | Haldane effect, decrease |
| ________ are the main integrators that control the nerves that affect the inspiratory and expiratory muscles. | respiratory control centers |
| Respiratory control centers are located in the _______. | brainstem |
| The ______ generates the basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle. | medullary rhythmicity center |
| The ______ consists of two interconnected control centers. | medullary rhythmicity center |
| The inspiratory center of the medullary rhythmicity center stimulates _________. | inspiration |
| The expiratory center of the medullary rhythmicity center stimulates ___________. | expiration |
| The basic breathing rhythm can be altered by different inputs to the _______. | medullary rhythmicity center |
| Input from the ________ center in the pons stimulates the inspiratory center to ________ the length and depth of inspiration. | apneustic, increase |
| The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are located in the ________. | pons |
| The _______ center,in the pons,________ the apneustic center and inspiratory center to prevent _________ of the lungs. | pneumotaxic, inhibits, over inflation |
| ________ from the nervous system provide feedback to the medullary rhythmicity center. | sensors |
| Changes in the ______, ______, and ______ of arterial blood influence the medullary rhythmicity area. | Po2, Pco2, pH |
| PCO2 acts on _________ in the medulla - if it increases, the result is _______ breathing; if it decreases, the result is _______ breathing | chemoreceptors, faster, slower |
| A decrease in blood pH stimulates chemoreceptors in the ______ and ______ bodies. | carotid, aortic |
| Arterial blood ________ presumably has little influence if it stays above a certain level. | Po2 |
| Arterial blood pressure controls breathing through the _______ mechanism. | respiratory pressoreflex |
| _________ reflexes help control respirations by regulating depth of respirations and the volume of tidal air. | Hering-Breuer |
| The _______ influences breathing by increasing or decreasing the rate and strength of respirations. | cerebral cortex |
| The internal system must continually get new _______ and rid itself of _________. | oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| Blood gases need ______ and the _______ system to be transported between gas exchange tissues of the lungs and various systemic tissues of the body. | blood, cardiovascular |
| Regulation by the _________ system adjusts ventilation to compensate for changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide in the internal environment. | nervous |
| The ________ of the thorax aid the airways in maintaining the flow of fresh air. | skeletal muscles |
| The skeleton houses the ______, and the arrangement of bones facilitates the expansion and recoil of the thorax. | lungs |
| The ________ system prevents pathogens from colonizing the respiratory tract and causing infection. | immune |
| Scarring due to exposure to contaminants is known as ________. | alveolar fibrosis |
| What is an autoimmune disorder that can lead to the build up of fluid in the lungs? | rheumatoid lung |
| What does COPD stand for? | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| What is the production of excessive secretions that obstruct airflow? | bronchitis |
| What is the enlargement of air spaces due to the damage of lung connective tissue (gas exchange units are destroyed)? | emphysema |
| What are recurring spasms of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchial air passages? | asthma |
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