A&P 2 - Exam 3 - Part 4 - Respiratory Physiology
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| show | pulmonary ventilation
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| _________ moves air into the lungs. | show 🗑
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| _________ moves air out of the lungs. | show 🗑
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| show | gas pressure
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| show | inspiration
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| The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs must be higher than atmospheric pressure to produce ___________. | show 🗑
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| Pressure gradients are established by changes in the size of the thoracic cavity that are produced by ________ and ________ of muscles. | show 🗑
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| ________ states that the volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature. | show 🗑
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| show | decreased, decreased
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| show | inspiration, larger
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| _______ is the ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration possible. | show 🗑
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| _________ is a passive process that begins when the inspiratory muscles are relaxed. | show 🗑
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| During expiration the inspiratory muscles are relaxed, decreasing the size of the _______ and increasing _______ pressure from about -6 mm Hg to a preinspiration level of -4 mm Hg. | show 🗑
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| show | -6 mm Hg, -4 mm Hg
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| The pressure between parietal and visceral pleura is always ______ than atmospheric pressure. | show 🗑
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| show | elastic recoil
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| The amount of air moved in and out and remaining (_________) is important in order that a normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide can take place. | show 🗑
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| show | spirometer
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| show | tidal volume (TV)
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| ________ is the largest volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled. | show 🗑
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| ______ is a normal ERV. | show 🗑
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| show | inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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| ______ is a normal IRV. | show 🗑
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| show | residual volume (RV)
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| show | 1.2 liters
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| A ___________ is the sum of two or more pulmonary volumes. | show 🗑
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| show | vital capacity
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| ______ is the amount of air remaining after a lung collapses and most of RV is gone. | show 🗑
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| A person's vital capacity depends on many factors, including the size of the ________ and ________. | show 🗑
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| show | functional residual capacity
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| _________ is the sum of all four major lung volumes (IRV + ERV + TV + RV) | show 🗑
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| ________ is the total amount of air a lung can hold. | show 🗑
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| show | alveolar ventilation
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| show | anatomical dead space
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| Alveoli must be properly ________ for adequate gas exchange. | show 🗑
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| show | partial
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| show | Dalton's law
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| show | directly, total pressure
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| Arterial blood Po2 and Pco2 __________ alveolar Po2 and Pco2. | show 🗑
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| The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place between alveolar ____ and ______ flowing through lung capillaries. | show 🗑
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| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: The oxygen _________ between alveolar air and blood. | show 🗑
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| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: The total functional _______ of the respiratory membrane. | show 🗑
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| show | minute
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| One of the four factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood: Alveolar __________ | show 🗑
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| The walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very _____ barrier for gases to cross. | show 🗑
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| show | surfaces
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| Blood is distributed through the capillaries in a thin layer so each red blood cell comes ___________ to alveolar air. | show 🗑
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| ________ and _______ are transported as solutes and as parts of molecules of certain chemical compounds. | show 🗑
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| Hemoglobin is made up of four polypeptide chains (two _____ chains, two _____ chains), each with an iron-containing ______ group. | show 🗑
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| Carbon dioxide can bind to ________ in the chains and oxygen can bind to _______ in the heme groups of hemoglobin. | show 🗑
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| show | 0.3
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| Hemoglobin increases the ________ carrying capacity of blood. | show 🗑
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| Oxygen travels in two forms: as ________ O2 in plasma and associated with hemoglobin as _________. | show 🗑
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| show | increasing
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| show | majority
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| A small amount of CO2 dissolves in plasma and is transported as a solute, what percentage? | show 🗑
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| show | carbaminohemoglobin
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| show | 20%
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| Carbon dioxide association with hemoglobin is accelerated by an _____________ in blood Pco2. | show 🗑
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| show | bicarbonate ions
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| What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions? | show 🗑
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| show | capillaries, cells
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| show | oxygen pressure gradient
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| show | decreases, accelerates
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| show | opposite
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| show | Bohr effect, decreases
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| show | Haldane effect, decrease
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| show | respiratory control centers
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| Respiratory control centers are located in the _______. | show 🗑
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| The ______ generates the basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle. | show 🗑
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| The ______ consists of two interconnected control centers. | show 🗑
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| The inspiratory center of the medullary rhythmicity center stimulates _________. | show 🗑
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| The expiratory center of the medullary rhythmicity center stimulates ___________. | show 🗑
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| The basic breathing rhythm can be altered by different inputs to the _______. | show 🗑
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| show | apneustic, increase
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| The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are located in the ________. | show 🗑
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| show | pneumotaxic, inhibits, over inflation
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| show | sensors
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| show | Po2, Pco2, pH
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| PCO2 acts on _________ in the medulla - if it increases, the result is _______ breathing; if it decreases, the result is _______ breathing | show 🗑
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| A decrease in blood pH stimulates chemoreceptors in the ______ and ______ bodies. | show 🗑
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| Arterial blood ________ presumably has little influence if it stays above a certain level. | show 🗑
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| Arterial blood pressure controls breathing through the _______ mechanism. | show 🗑
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| show | Hering-Breuer
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| The _______ influences breathing by increasing or decreasing the rate and strength of respirations. | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen, carbon dioxide
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| show | blood, cardiovascular
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| Regulation by the _________ system adjusts ventilation to compensate for changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide in the internal environment. | show 🗑
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| The ________ of the thorax aid the airways in maintaining the flow of fresh air. | show 🗑
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| The skeleton houses the ______, and the arrangement of bones facilitates the expansion and recoil of the thorax. | show 🗑
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| show | immune
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| show | alveolar fibrosis
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| What is an autoimmune disorder that can lead to the build up of fluid in the lungs? | show 🗑
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| What does COPD stand for? | show 🗑
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| What is the production of excessive secretions that obstruct airflow? | show 🗑
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| What is the enlargement of air spaces due to the damage of lung connective tissue (gas exchange units are destroyed)? | show 🗑
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| show | asthma
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