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WGST exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The media literacy circle of empowerment | awareness of media, analysis of content, activism protest/praise, advocacy tell your story, access to media |
| The central argument of Tough Guise is that violence in America is overwhelmingly a | gendered phenomenon |
| Any attempt to understand violence therefore requires that we understand its relationship to | cultural codes and ideals of masculinity and mandhood |
| masculinity is made, not | given |
| Media are the primary | narrative and pedagogical forces of our time |
| Media images of manhood play a pivotal role in | making, shaping, and privileging certain cultural and personal attitudes about manhood |
| A critical examination of privileged media images of manhood reveals a | widespread and disturbing equation of masculinity with pathological control and violence |
| Boys and men learn to show the world only those parts of themselves that the dominant culture has defined as | manly |
| Males absorb early on and from everywhere that not only is there such a thing as a "real" man, but | also that there is a high price to pay for not qualifying as one |
| Being a real man means being | tough and strong and fitting into the narrow box that defines ideal manhood |
| Violence needs to be seen as a | gender issue, especially as an issue caught up in how we as a society think about masculinity and manhood |
| One gender, men, perpetrates approximately | 90% of the violence |
| One of the ways dominance functions is that the dominant group | avoids being examined |
| Making masculinity visible is the first step to | understanding how it operates in the culture and how definitions of manhood have been linked, often unconsciously to dominance and control |
| The changes seen in images of masculinity are in part a response to a | perceived threat to traditional conceptions of the dominant idea of masculinity |
| dominant idea of masculinity | white, middle class heterosexual male |
| these movements threatened the dominant white heterosexual masculinity that held largely unquestioned social, economic, and cultural power in the US | civil rights movement, women's liberation movement, the gay and lesbian movements, the anti war student movement |
| The idea that men need to adopt a hyper masculine posture in order to gain | credibility and respect is common in many groups of men of color |
| Men and boys' violence against women and girls is not genetically programmed but rather is | learned behavior |
| The sexualization of violence against women helps blind us to | the real pain and suffering violence causes |
| Men who batter women are typically seeking to | exert or maintain power and control in the relationship |
| One of the most serious costs of this tough guy, hard guy posing is that | a lot of men and boys feel unable to seek help, look inward, or share themselves emotionally with others |
| Instead of connecting masculinity with invulnerability, we have to show that | vulnerability, compassion, and caring are also part of what it means to be a real man |
| Males are most often both the victim and perpetrators in | 90% of homicides |
| Over 85% of the people who commit murder are | men |
| The majority of women who commit murder usually do so as a | defense against men who have been battering them for years |
| 90% of the women in jail for murder are | incarcerated for killing male batterers |
| Women commit approximately | 15% of all homicides |
| More than 90 women were | murdered every week in 1991 |
| 9 out of 10 women are murdered by | men |
| Males perpetrate 95% of all | serious domestic violence |
| The US department of Justice estimates that 95% of reported assaults on spouses or ex spouses are | committed by men against women |
| It is estimated that 1 in 4 men will use | violence against his partner in his lifetime |
| % of men in prison convicted of rape | 99.8% |
| 81% of men who beat their wives watched | their fathers beat their mothers or were abused themselves |
| Studies have found that men are responsible for 80% to 95% of | child sexual abuses whether the child is female or male |
| The majority of victims of men's violence are | other men |
| Out of 10,000 cases of road rage over 95% | were committed by men |
| Approximately three quarters of binge drinkers | are men |
| Males cause 86% of all | drinking and driving incidents |
| One in 12 or 8.2 million women will be | stalked at some point in their lifetime |
| 80% of the women stalked by intimates were also | physically assaulted by them |
| Ever day, 15 children are | killed by guns |
| The ratio of drug abuse of males to females is | 2 to 1 |
| Our ability to recognize someone as either male or female is | absolutely fundamental to out ability to interact with them |
| There is nothing natural about | recognition; it is dependent upon signals that allow us to place people in different categories |
| Sociologist Erving Goffman's Gender Advertisements analyzes how the | communication of gender takes place in ads, and explores what advertising tells us about ourselves |
| Unlike biological sex, there is nothing natural about | gender identity |
| sex refers to | our different biological characteristics at birth, what makes us male or female |
| gender refers to | the cultural definitions given to those physical, biological differences, characteristics that the culture defines as masculine or feminine |
| These gender categories are presented as | mutually exclusive by the culture |
| The two sex, two gender system is a | socially created one and is culturally dependent; it consists of certain agreed upon codes and each of us learns how to display these codes |
| The binary distinction downplays the things that males and females have in common, while at the same time | downplaying all the ways that males are different from other males, and females are different from other females |
| gender display is | the process whereby we perform the roles expected of us by social convention |
| Code is | a shorthand language that everyone shares; a set of rules, a code of behavior |
| cultural codes are best demonstrated by one of culture's most exaggerated forms | advertising and by extension, popular media |
| Female hands in ads have a different relationship in reality to | male hands |
| Female hands are | weak and cradling; they trace the outlines of objects; they are delicate superficial |
| Male hands are | powerful, assertive, bold, controlling, they manipulate the environment |
| Women are constantly shown | touching or holding themselves |
| Goffman suggests that to understand how bizarre women's postures are then to | substitute men for the women in these ads and monitor the reaction |
| The ritualization of subordination refers to | how the presentation of the female body in advertising links up with broader cultural definitions of femininity as passive and powerless |
| Women are often shown lying down-signaling | submission, powerlessness, and sexual availability |
| bashful knee bend | a canting posture in which women are off center and ungrounded |
| head cant | the head is tilted and women teeter |
| Women are presented as | defenseless, accepting their subordination |
| femininity becomes defined as | submissive, powerless, and dependent, reinforcing larger cultural definitions and stereotypes |
| stereotypically feminine poses illustrate a relationship of subordination between | the watcher (male) and the watched (female) |
| In advertising, women often seem to be | spaced out, inattentive, unconscious, unaware of their surrounding environment, asleep, nervous, emotionally vulnerable, helpless, knocked out, or even dead |
| in advertising men are portrayed as | focused, aware, monitoring, protective, in charge of their surroundings |
| When women are not presented as withdrawn, they are presented as | over engaged, to the point of losing control, laughing uncontrollably or overcome with extreme emotion |
| This dynamic of men being in control and women being out of control is most clear when | men and women are presented together |
| These portrayals are dangerous because | they reproduce and glamorize an image of women as weak and vulnerable- in stereotypical victim ready poses |
| These poses are nearly the exact opposite of what is taught in | self defense classes |
| Advertising tells us that boys must | prove themselves in a rite of passage to show they've left childhood behind while girls never grow up at all |
| In the world of advertising little girls and grown women are presented as | essentially the same |
| traditional ideas of masculinity are about | power, control, confidence, intimidation, independence, and activity |
| Commercial photography is an extremely concentrated reflection of | gender differences and displays, a hyperritualization of gender codes and norms |
| John Berger, a cultural critic, points out in his book Ways of Seeing that there are many similarities between | images of women in contemporary commercial photography and images of women in classic European oil paintings |
| Virginia Valian | did a study of babies in 1999 of what their parents perceived of their children |
| The parents of baby boys perceived their sons | as bigger, even though they were all the same weight and height |
| Father's perceptions of their children are | more extreme when making comparisons |
| Boys and girls cry equally often during infancy, but as development proceeds, boys | cry less and less |
| Baby girls and boys cry the same amount, however, we either | ignore a boy's cry for help or discourage them from crying |
| Babies begin equally aggressive, however we raise boys to | use aggression to get attention and discourage girls from exhibiting the same behavior |
| covert depression | hidden untreated depression |
| Since 1973, academic differences between boys and girls have been reduced by | half the size of those found before 1973 |
| The sex differences within one's own culture were tiny compared to | cultural differences |
| The average kindergarten student has seen more than | 5000 hours of television, more time than it takes to earn a bachelor's degree |
| imitating aggressive behaviors appears to be more common among | boys in the 4-6 age group than among girls (59% vs. 35%) |
| Boys begin exhibiting: | inauthentic bravado, constant posturing, foolish risk taking, gratuitous violence |
| Adolescent boys are 3 times more likely to be | diagnosed with ADD than girls |
| Adolescent boys are 15 times more likely to be | victims of violent crimes |
| Tough Guise | The front that men and boys put up based on an extreme notion of masculinity |
| Effects of tough guise on race found that while African Americans make up 29% of the nation's poor the constitute | 65% of the images of the poor on the leading network television news programs |
| Percent of people who said they favored having a boy | 37% |
| Percent of people who said they favored having a girl | 28% |
| Percent of people who said they would be happy with either gender baby | 26% |
| Children internalize parental messages regarding gender at an early age with awareness of sex role differences being found in | 2 year olds |
| Toys created and marketed for girls reflect | childcare, grooming, and cleaning |
| toys created and marketed for boys reflect | athletics, professions, or competition |
| Girls over 5 years old not only spend more time doing | housework, they begin earlier than boys |
| Boys are more likely to be paid for doing | chores than girls are |
| Detour into tomboyism | temporary detour on the road to female development, a last adventure before the final commitment to womanhood |
| More than 1/2 of adult women surveyed recall having been | tomboys |
| AAUW study revealed that girls self esteem plummets as they rech | adolescence with a concurrent drop in academic achievement, especially in math and science |
| By 6th grade, both boys and girls have learned to | equate masculinity with opportunity, and assertiveness and femininity with reserve and restraint |
| By the age of 16, teens report that | media first influences their decisions, second by their peers, and third by internet and teachers, 4th by parents |
| of the roughly 14000 references to sex a teen would see on TV each year, only a small fraction will include any reference to | abstinence or delay of sex, birth control, risk of pregnancy, or STDs |
| MTV, the favorite TV channel of girls 11-19, regularly includes girls and women in the traditional role of | sex object, as seen in features on the network and music videos |
| Programs and videos show boys/men less frequently as | sex objects |
| Girls who participate in sports report | lower pregnancy rates and beginning sexual activity later than girls who do not participate in sports |
| When asked, girls said that they | confront notions of female fragility, challenge views in the media and elsewhere of assertive women as unfeminine or destructive |
| Girls would rather be complimented for | their actions or intelligence, not their appearance |
| In the book,"Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self Esteem, and the Confidence Gap" Orenstein learned that | girls are overly involved with their appearance, clothes, and beauty products instead of their studies, sexual desirability becomes the central component of their self image |
| 21 studies looked at the media's effect on more than 6000 girls, ages 10 and older, and found those who were exposed to the most fashion magazines were more likely to | suffer from poor body images |
| licensed withdrawal | women are shown as psychologically adrift: spaced out, inattentive, even dead |
| Lucas and his associates studied the incidents of anorexia nervosa during a 50 year period and found that | incidence among 10-19 year old girls paralleled the change of fashion and idealized body image |
| Irving found that subjects exposed to slides of thin models consequently presented with | lower self evaluations than subjects who had never been exposed to average and oversized models |
| Girls are supposed to repress their power, their voice, their anger, and simply be nice although | they must exist with men in the business and political world |
| Girls are supposed to be overtly sexy and sexually available although | they have to be passive and virginal |
| Girls are supposed to define themselves by relationships that men want them to have with them all while being | morally and emotionally superior to men then at fault when it fails and willing to give up their life for men |
| The good Girl Carol Gilligan | bury sexual self, tyranny of nice and kind, for the boys, numb the pain through overeating or starving, cutting, drinking heavily |
| The Bad Girl Carol Gilligan | Rebel flaunt sexuality, seduce inappropriate partners, one of the boys, smoke, drink flamboyantly, use other drugs |
| The average girl or boy spends approximately 6.5 hours per day being exposed to and interacting with | various media |
| The average person sees 400-600 | ads per day. |
| 1 in 11 ads have a direct message about | beauty |
| In 1992 a study of female students at Stanford University, 70% of women reported feeling | worse about themselves and their bodies after looking at magazines |
| Roughly 50% of teen girls in the US read | teen or adult fashion magazines |
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