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Am History #6
American Hist Independence
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gaspee Incident | Armed British Customs Ship; ran aground near Providence RI; colonists boarded the ship, captured crew and burned the ship (June 1772) |
| Committee of Correspondence | Guided by Samuel Adams, provided info to colonies on threats posed by the British (1772) |
| Boston Tea Party | 150 men & boys disguised a Mohawk Indians boarded the Darthmouth and chucked 10,000 lbs of tea into the harbor |
| Tea act of 1773 | Granted the |
| Coercive Acts | intended to punish and subjugate the troublesome colonies; in response to the Tea Party |
| Coercive Acts | consisted of Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice, and the Quartering Act |
| Thomas Gage | military governor who replaced Thomas Hutcheson; made the colonists realize they were under an army of occupation |
| Intolerable Acts | same as Coercive Acts. They hardened opposition and created a sense of solidarity among the colonists |
| Quebec Acts | set up a rigid political system, made Roman Catholicism the official religion, extended the boundary south to the Ohio river, |
| First Continental Congress | Thomas Jefferson and others called for a colonial committees to meet in Philadelphia in September |
| Militia | Citizen Soldiers; part time amateur soldiers |
| Regulars | professional, full-time soldiers who make the military their career |
| Declaration of American rights | colonies must be autonomous, self-governing, with the right to raise militia and defend themselves |
| Patrick Henry | addressed the Virginia Convention in March 1775 with powerful words that would soon be affirmed in Massachusetts in blood |
| Battles of Lexington and Concord | British searching for munitions at Lexington were confronted by American militia. British shot farmers who retreated to Concord and defeated the British there |
| Patriots | answered the call to arms for the cause of independence |
| Loyalists | They were Tories |
| Tories | continued to support the crown, although aggressively. Passively supported the British |
| Hessians | German mercenaries hired by the British to fight the colonists |
| Second Continental Congress | delegates gather in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775 with the purpose of debate cooperative resolutions concerning British colonial policies; appointed General George Washington as CiC |
| Fort Ticonderoga | British Fort in NY that fell to patriot forces from Vermont known as the Green Mountain Boys |
| Ethan Allen | led the Green Mountain Boys |
| George Washington | appointed by the Second Continental Congress to take charge of the continental army |
| Bunker Hill | on Charlestown Peninsula North of Boston; Patriots beat back British under Thomas Gage until they ran out of ammo. British won, but lost over a 1,000 men |
| Henry Knox | ordered by George Washington to go to Fort Ticonderoga and retrieve 59 pieces of British artillery |
| Olive Branch Petition | offered by 2nd Continental Congress, pledged loyalty to King George III and requested his intervention in curbing Parliament’s abusive exercise of power; King did not even read |
| Common Sense | pamphlet by Thomas Paine who described monarchy as a foolish form of government who path was strewn with human wreckage |
| Thomas Paine | wrote Common Sense |
| John Adams | one of five appointed to draw up declaration in support of Lee’s resolution |
| Lee’s resolution | 2nd Continental Congress, calling from complete independence from Britain |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote declaration of Independence |
| Declaration of Independence | July 4th 1776 declaring independence from Great Britain |
| William Howe | replaced General Gage; landed on Staten Island; conquered New York from George Washington |
| Trenton | decisive victory by Washington’s army against the Hessians on Christmas Day 1776 |
| Princeton | Cornwallis (British) tried to take back Trenton; battle started poorly for the colonial army but Washington directed the attack himself and ordered the army to fire |
| John Burgoyne | British General who tried to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies |
| Battle of Brandywine | American defeat on Sep 11, 1777. General Howe outmaneuvered Washington and the British entered Philadelphia unopposed. |
| Horatio Gates | stole all Benedict Arnold’s glory |
| Daniel Morgan | helped defeat the British in battles at Saratoga but Horatio Gates got the credit |
| Benedict Arnold | stopped a British force at Lake Ontario. A brilliant American commander who never got credit for victories so he switched sides to the British. a “turncoat”; Horatio Gates got all his credits |
| Saratoga Campaign | the turning point of the war; Over 6,000 British captured or killed and the French recognized the United States as a nation and joined the war |
| Valley Forge | American “city” of wooden barracks and huts that was HQ for the American army in 1777-1778 under deplorable conditions |
| Baron von Steuben | Germany who came to Valley Forge and served as drill sergeant but he really was not a baron |
| Battle of Monmouth | a draw; Americans attacked British rear guard; Lee ordered a retreat but Washington pushed the attacked |
| George Rogers Clark | Native Virginian, great leader who attacked and captured British trading post |
| Vincennes | Trading post on the Wabash River; the most important post captured by Clark |
| Siege of Charleston | May 12th 1780, America’s worst defeat of the war; Benjamin Lincoln surrendered to Kernel Banastre |
| Charles Cornwallis | given command for British conquest of the Carolinas |
| Camden | American miltia retreated from British; Baron de Kalb held for over an hour with only 600 soldiers even though he was wounded 11 times. Another American defeat |
| Francis Marion | Guerilla leader in South Carolina; also called “Swamp Fox” |
| King’s Mountain | Patriot force that caught Ferguson and his Tories off guard; killed Ferguson and over 80% of his forces; victory strengthened patriot resolve |
| Nathanael Greene | ”Fighting Quaker”; recommended by Washington as replacement for Horatio Gates; a tactical genius who became the scourge of Cornwallis’ army |
| Battle of Cowpens | American’s feigned retreat; the first major step towards eventual British defeat; day was won by Daniel Morgan who defeated Tarleton |
| “Race to the Dan” | if Continental army got there first they would escape otherwise they would be trapped by Cornwallis; Greene eventually slipped away |
| Guilford Court House | crossroads in North Carolina; Greene dispatched Light Horse Harry Lee to strike hard and feign retreat; British won but Cornwallis lost ¼ of his en and Greene escaped |
| Marquis de Lafayette | commanded the Continental forces in Virginia; faced a massive army of 7,200 under Cornwalllis; got help from the French fleet under Admiral de Grasse |
| Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown | Washington caught Cornwallis in a trap at Yorktown; Cornwallis sent his sword with a subordinate |
| Treaty of Paris | acknowledged that the colonies were indeed independent. United States awarded all land East of Mississippi except Florida |
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