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APUSH Unit 3
APUSH Unit 3 Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which party consisted of the wealthier people? | Federalists |
| Which party was strongest in the North? | Federalists |
| Which party believed the common man should be governed by their passions? | Federalists |
| Which party believed in government by and for the "rich, well-born, and able"? | Federalists |
| Which party distrusted the common people? | Federalists |
| Which party favored a strong central government? | Federalists |
| Which party preferred a loose interpretation of the Constitution? | Federalists |
| Which party supported Hamilton's financial program? | Federalists |
| Which party favored Britain in foreign affairs and why? | Federalists - feared French mobocracy, similar culture, admired British balanced government, trade would benefit US economy, US to become industrial power like Britain |
| During what time period was the first party system established? | 1792-1815 |
| Which party consisted of the common people and was primarily agrarian? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party was strongest in the South and West? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party believed in government by capable leaders? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party believed the government should work in the interests of the common people? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party believed the common men are governed by reason? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party favored states rights? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party preferred a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which party opposed Hamilton's financial program and why? | Democratic-Republicans --> unconstitutional |
| What was the cause of the Civil War? | states rights vs. federal rights |
| Which party favored France in foreign affairs and why? | Democratic-Republicans --> were US ally, had money, against the monarchy & for natural rights (1789 Revolution) |
| What were the 3 major differences? | philosophy of man & government, economic policy, foreign policy |
| Why were the first political parties formed? | bitter struggle over financial matters |
| Who were the leaders of the Federalist Party? | John Adams & Alexander Hamilton |
| The Federalists are considered the forebears of which two parties? | Whig Party & present-day Republican Party |
| Who were the leaders of the Democratic-Republicans? | James Madison & Thomas Jefferson |
| The Democratic-Republicans are considered the forebears of what party? | present-day Democratic Party |
| What were the 4 parts to Hamilton's financial program? | payment of debts, excise tax, protective tariff, money management |
| Describe the how Hamilton's financial program dealt with the debt. | new government assumed responsibility for all debts (domestic, foreign, state) |
| What was the US domestic debt and how did the new financial program deal with it? | government bonds & certificates - can be exchanged in new government (full payment) |
| What was the US foreign debt and how did the new financial program deal with it? | debts from Revolutionary War allies (FSN) - loans extended & fully paid |
| What was the US state debts and how did the new financial deal with it? | assumed by federal government |
| How did the Federalists gain the support of the Democratic-Republicans at the beginning? | moved the capitol from NY to the District of Columbia |
| What would the repayments addressed in Hamilton's financial program accomplish? | establish the credit of the US |
| What was the purpose of the excise tax proposed by Hamilton and what happened as a result of it? | raise funds; Whiskey Rebellion |
| What caused the Whiskey Rebellion and who put it down? | excise tax on liquor (became a form of currency b/c it was so common); Washington |
| What was the purpose of the protective tariff proposed by Hamilton and what did it do? | discourage imports & encourage manufacturing in US; increase tariffs on manufactured goods |
| What did Hamilton propose to deal with money management? | Bank of the United States (BUS) |
| Describe the BUS. | private institution with $10,000,000 as a capital stock, private investors (80% --> gave 20% to foreign investors for protection) & government (20%) |
| What was the role of the BUS? | issue paper money with backing of silver & gold (specie), hold government money, tax collections, selling government bonds, provide loans, facilitate transactions |
| What were the overall objectives of Hamilton's financial program? | establish national credit, encourage manufacturing, provide a sound currency |
| How did Hamilton ensure success in the new government? | gave the men of wealth and enterprise an economic stake |
| Which two parties comprised the 2nd party system? | Whigs & Democrats |
| Which two parties comprised the 3rd party system? | Republicans & Democrats |
| What was significant about the Era of Good Feelings? | one-party system (Republicans) |
| What was the social view of the Federalist Party? | pessimistic - people are selfish and need to be ruled by a strong government |
| What was the social view of the Democratic-Republicans? | optimistic - people are good and can self-govern |
| Politically, whom did the Federalists favor? | artificial aristocracy (birth, wealth, status) |
| Politically, whom did the Democratic-Republicans favor? | natural aristocracy (talent & virtue) |
| What was the economic view of the Federalists? | industrial economy, manufacturing, & urban-centered |
| What was the economic view of the Democratic-Republicans? | agrarian economy, farming, & rural-centered |
| What kind of a capitalistic system did the Federalists desire? | modified capitalism - creditors, government aid to business, but not regulation of businesses |
| What kind of a capitalistic system did the Democratic-Republicans desire? | Laissez-faire capitalism - debtors, government neither aiding nor regulating |
| Who were the leaders of the Democratic-Republicans? | Madison & Monroe |
| Who were the leaders of the Federalists? | Washington & Adams |
| Who were the voters for the Federalist Party? | NE merchants, manufacturers, financiers, creditors |
| Who were the voters for the Democratic-Republicans? | Southern agrarians, NE workers, W pioneers, debtors |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans object to Hamilton's financial plan regarding the payment of debts? | windfall of speculators & transfer of money from farmers/common people to wealthy investors, states don't want to pay other states' debts |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans object to Hamilton's financial plan regarding the excise tax? | transfer of money to wealthy investors, Whiskey Rebellion - putdown was an overreaction & threatening sign of militarism (fear of standing army) |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans object to Hamilton's financial plan regarding the protective tariff? | feared retaliation against S staple crops, raise price for foreign manufactured goods, benefits factories in the N |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans object to Hamilton's financial plan regarding the BUS? | unconstitutional, too much power in the hands of the men not elected/held accountable, create a "monied interest" benefiting the NE and not the S |
| What is the definition of "Jeffersonian democracy"? | achieved through encouragement of the agriculture and the growth of small, owner-worked farms, not industries and cities ===> clashed with American life, so manufacturing is necessary, BUT didn't believe it |
| What are the 4 characteristics of the Jeffersonian democracy? | self-sufficient middle class of yeoman farmers, ideas formed by liberal education & free press, government is minimal & taxes low, capable, well-educated leaders should govern |
| Who facilitates the election of the president of the United States? | Electoral College |
| Who chooses the members of the Electoral College? | state legislatures |
| Who were a part of Washington's Cabinet? | Sec. of State - Jefferson Sec. of Treasury - Hamilton Sec. of War - Knox Attorney Gen. - Randolph VP - Adams |
| Who was the 1st Chief Justice? | John Jay |
| Who authored the Bill of Rights? | James Madison |
| How does Washington go about raising a revenue? | import tariffs |
| How did Washington address foreign affairs during the time of the French Revolution? | US would be impartial toward belligerent powers |
| What is significant about Citizen Genet? | tried to encourage American citizens to bring in British prizes & encouraged land speculators |
| What was stated in Jay's Treaty? | get British out of Western posts (THEY DON'T DO IT), secure reparations of losses of American shippers, compensation for slaves, legalize American commerce with British West Indies |
| What was stated in Pickney's Treaty? | Spanish/US boundary @ 31st parallel, navigation of Mississippi, access to New Orleans, refrain from Indian attacks |
| What was stated in Washington's Farewell Address? | no permanent alliances, no 2nd term, end partisan bickering, origin of foreign policy (isolationism), domestic policy, decried sectionalism |
| What was the XYZ Affair and what resulted because of it? | meeting French delegate; Quasi War |
| Who were the War Hawks? | British who were in support of the South |
| What were the Alien and Sedition Acts? | protecting national security from Republican power - restricted immigrants from gaining citizenship & defamatory speech against the government |
| What was written as a result of the Alien & Sedition Acts? | Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions |
| What were the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions? | stated that states had the power to nullify federal laws if they were unconstitutional |
| Describe the Election of 1800. | Jefferson and Burr tied & the final vote was in the hands of the House |
| What was the case of the "Midnight Judges"? | appointment of Federalist judges to keep power in the Supreme Court |
| Who was the famous Midnight Judge? | John Marshall |
| What was the case of Marbury vs. Madison? | Madison never delivered Marbury's commission & Marshall declared his petition unconstitutional - establishes checks & balances/judicial review |
| What did Jefferson accomplish during his presidency that reversed Federalist policies? | repealed excise tax, curtailed army & navy expenditure, repealed Alien & Sedition Acts, replaced Federalists with Democratic-Republicans, repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 |
| What did Jefferson accomplish during his presidency that continued Federalist policies? | Hamilton's financial program & policy of isolationism |
| Who did Jefferson fight without a Congressional Declaration of War? | Barbary pirates |
| Whom did Jefferson try to impeach? | Thomas Pickering & Samuel Chase |
| What were Aaron Burr's conspiracies and scandals? | Essex Junto Conspiracy (duel with Hamilton) & separate west from US |
| Why did Jefferson hesitate to buy the Louisiana Purchase? | not in the Constitution |
| Who was John Randolph and what did he have to do with the Yazoo Claims? | led a group of Republican opponents called "Quids"; Fletcher vs. Peck |
| What was the Embargo Act of 1807? | Jefferson's attempt to stay out of war with Britain = no trade with anyone --> economic depression |
| Which two bills did Madison pass and what did they do? | Non-Intercourse Act & Macon's Bill No.2; opened trade to all nations except Britain and France, prohibited trade with anyone who violated America's neutrality |
| What was the significance of Fletcher vs. Peck? | first time a state law was voided on the grounds that it violated the Constitution |
| What was the significance of Dartmouth vs. Woodward? | severely limit the power of state governments to control the corporation |
| What was the significance of McColloch vs. Maryland? | no state has the right to control an agency of the federal government - BUS is constitutional |
| What was the significance of Gibbons vs. Ogden? | only Congress has the right to regulate commerce among states |
| What were the 3 general characteristics of the Marshall Court rulings? | increases federal power over state powers, increase power of Supreme Court, lays groundwork for a broad interpretation of the Constitution |
| What were the causes of the War of 1812? | Britain's seizure of American ships & impressment of its sailors, belief that the British in Canada were arming the Indians and inciting them to attack, ambition to annex Canada & Florida |
| What was the main cause of the War of 1812? | desire of the South for territorial expansion |
| What were some significant events from the War of 1812? | invading Canada unsuccessfully, defeat of British navy on Great Lakes, "Old Ironsides", Fort McHenry, New Orleans |
| What was the main purpose of the Treaty of Ghent? | antebellum (status quo) |
| What were the results of the War of 1812? | growth of nationalism, strengthened isolation, increase in westward migration, encouragement of American industry, disappearance of Federalists, loss of land |
| What was the significance of the Hartford Convention? | last of the Federalist Party, states rights, secession, Federalists wanted money to protect themselves from British occupation |
| What did the Treaty of Ghent accomplish? | NOTHING - stalemate |
| Who developed the American System? | Henry Clay |
| What is the time period for the Era of Good Feelings? | 1816-1824 |
| What did the Adams-Onis Treaty accomplish? | acquisition of Florida |
| What did the Monroe Doctrine state? | no more European colonization (isolationism) |
| What did the American System accomplish? | protective tariff, rechartering of the BUS, internal improvements, NOT abolition of slavery |
| What were the causes of the Panic of 1819? | wildcat banks, land speculation |
| What were the consequences of the Panic of 1819? | S & W blame BUS |
| What was the North like in 1820? | industry is on the rise - textiles (Slater & Lowell), most still farmers |
| What was the South like in 1820? | most are yeomen farmers, only 16% own slaves, rise of King Cotton |
| What was the West like in 1820? | commercial farmers, reciprocal relationship with the North |
| What were the 4 main issues of the sectional conflict? | tariff, internal improvements, BUS, expansion of slavery to the West |
| What did the Missouri Compromise accomplish? | set precedent for rest of LA purchase area, Missouri - slave, Maine - free, establishes 36'30" line only for the Louisiana purchase area |
| Who was the Great Compromiser? | Henry Clay |
| What were the causes of the Panic of 1819? | farmers moving W - upped price of land, wildcat banks - print money & inflation, speculators, banks called in loans - farmers lost all land |
| Who supported the tariff? | N & W |
| Who supported internal improvements? | N & W |
| Who supported the BUS? | N |
| Who supported the expansion of slavery to the W? | S |
| Speaker of the House who eliminated himself as presidential candidate in 1825 | Henry Clay |
| received same number of electoral votes for President as Jefferson in 1800, throwing election into the House | Aaron Burr |
| 1st president of the US | George Washington |
| Sec. of Treasury under Jefferson | Albert Gallatin |
| Sec. of State under Monroe, responsible for the Corrupt Bargain | John Quincy Adams |
| Am. general in War of 1812 in the Battle of Tippecanoe who later became president | William Harrison |
| a Virginian Federal justice who was frequently at odds with the presidents | John Marshall |
| 1st Sec. of Treasury | Alexander Hamilton |
| tried to form a confederacy of Eastern Indians; thwarted by Harrison's victory at Tippecanoe | Tecumseh |
| Indian that accompanied the Lewis and Clark expedition | Sacajawea |
| Supreme Court justice impeached but not convicted by Jefferson | Samuel Chase |
| president who made peace with France, ending the military alliance with France | John Adams |
| Southern senator at first for a high tariff, later for a low one | John Calhoun |
| led an expedition from the Missouri River to the Columbia River | Lewis & Clark |
| owned slaves but called the Missouri Compromise "like a fire-bell in the night"; bought Louisiana earlier | Thomas Jefferson |
| Dartmouth's counsel in Dartmouth vs. Woodward | Daniel Webster |
| sad, "the Am. continents...are henceforth not the be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." | James Monroe |
| negotiated at treaty with Britain in 1794 that angered the Jeffersonians | John Jay |
| opposed the Adams presidency; challenged Clay to a duel; from Virginia, also opposed the War of 1812 | John Randolph |
| duped into starting the War of 1812 | James Madison |
| NY monopoly given license for ferryboat between NY and NJ; federal government alone can control interstate commerce | Gibbons vs. Ogden |
| MD tried to tax federal bank notes; unconstitutional | McCulloch vs. Maryland |
| Cohens illegally sold lottery tickets; VA court found guilty; est. federal court review of state courts | Cohens vs. Virginia |
| legislature of NH tried to change the college charter; federal government protects contracts against state encroachments | Dartmouth vs. Woodward |
| GA legislature contracted and sold Yazoo to speculators; new legislature revoked; Court upheld original contract | Fletcher vs. Peck |
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