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Am Hist Chap 4
Religion in the American Colonies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| “Elizabethan Settlement” (page 64) | Queen Elizabeth’s attempt to put an end to religious controversy. She wanted a Protestant church and wanted to preserve the trappings of the old church – bishops, priestly garments, etc. Resulted in three important groups within the Church of England |
| Puritans (page 64) | believed the basic doctrine of the Reformation: authority of the Bible, justification by faith alone; specifically believed in the idea of the covenant as the way God deals with mankind |
| Low Church Anglicans (page 64) | agreed with the Puritans on doctrine, but believed other ceremonies and structures were unimportant as long as doctrine was sound |
| High Church Anglicans (page 64) | held that the Church’s traditions such as rule by bishops, were divinely ordained. They were more liberal in their beliefs, differed among themselves and were less opposed to Catholicism |
| Separatists (page 64) | Believed the whole Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate from it. The Pilgrims, Baptists and Quakers were part of this group. |
| Idea of the covenant (page 64) | the heart of Puritan theology. The belief that God deals with mankind through covenants. At salvation, believers enter into a “covenant of grace” with God and in return the believer is obligated to obey God’s law |
| Episcopal polity (page 64) | A system of government in the church. An authority such as a monarch appoints bishops and the bishops appoints lower officials. For example, in the Church of England |
| Presbyterian polity (page 65) | For example, the Church of Scotland. Members of the congregation elect their ruling elders. Elders from several congregations elect the next level of authority, and so on. |
| Congregational polity (page 65) | Used by the New England Puritans. Each congregation elected its own officers and each church remained independent of other churches. Baptists also adopted this same form of church government. Eventually, most Puritans were called by this name. |
| Congregationalists (page 65) | A person joined the church upon a profession of salvation through faith in Christ. Children of believers were baptized as infants but could not take communion until they “owned the covenant”, i.e. declared their own personal faith. |
| Half-Way Covenant (page 66) | Church members who had not “owned the covenant” but who were moral could present their children for baptism. Also allowed non-converted members to enjoy the full rights of citizenship. |
| Salem Witch trials (page 67) | Salem Village, MA, girls claimed witches afflicted them. Based on this, authorities arrested and hung citizens. 19 persons hanged, one man pressed to death. |
| James Blair | Anglican sent to Virginia by church leaders in England. Wanted to secure better qualified ministers for Virginia by founding William and Mary college and serving as its first president. |
| Thomas Bray (page 68) | Sent to Maryland in 1700 by church leaders in England to provide guidance to Anglicans |
| Roger Williams (page 69) | Baptist who fled from MA and founded Rhode Island. Wanted to create a purer church than the others in New England. He baptized 10 members of his congregation in what is considered the first Baptist Church in America |
| Baptists (page 69) | Emphasize the doctrine of baptism. Like the Congregationalist, they practice congregational polity and believe that only the regenerate should be church members. They only baptize professing believers (no infants) and then only by immersion |
| Quakers (page 69) | Also called “Society of Friends”. Originated with Englishman George Fox. Most opposed war, taking oaths, or holding political office. Term originated in a trial in which Fox warned authorities to “tremble at the word of the Lord” |
| George Fox (page 69) | Founded the Quakers; believed in guidance by the “Inner Light” and illumination from God found in every man |
| Presbyterians (page 69) | the last Separatist group to come to America. Very similar to the Congregationalist in doctrine except they practiced Presbyterian polity. Founded by Francis Makemie |
| Francis Makemie (page 69) | The father of American Presbyterianism. Born Northern Ireland and came to the new world in 1683 to preach the gospel and start churches. Got two courts in VA and NY to recognize the English Parliament’s Act of Toleration guaranteeing freedom of worship |
| Dutch Reformed (page 71) | came to the new world with the settlement of New Amsterdam but not in great numbers because the Netherlands was the most religiously tolerant nation in Europe and had few reasons to migrate to America |
| Hugenots (page 70) | also called French Reformed, settled in the colonies after Louis XIV took their freedom to worship in 1685. Had limited effect on religious life. Many converted to Presbyterianism |
| German Reformed (page 70) | One of the most important of the Reformed bodies, originated in southern Germany. Concentrated in Pennsylvania and preserved their identity |
| Lutherans (page 70) | followers of the teachings of Martin Luther. Flocked to Pennsylvania because of religious freedom and abundant land. |
| Henry Muhlenberg (page 70) | the father of American Lutheranism. Born in Germany and came to America in 1742. Preached in the middle and southern colonies. Brought about closer cooperation between German, Swedish and Dutch Lutherans. |
| Mennonites (page 71) | Followers of the Dutch teacher Menno Simons; Protested the incomplete reforms of other Protestants. Refused to have to anything to do with the state, would not serve in the military, vote or hold office. Stressed importance of a holy, simple life. |
| Amish (page 71) | a more conservative branch of the Mennonites. Settled in Pennsylvania and rejected modern changes. Some still use horse and buggy |
| Pietism (page 71) | Similar to the Puritans emphasized the importance of conversion and the need for holy living. Unlike Puritans, they did not emphasize doctrine. It was part of many other denominations. |
| Moravians (page 71) | The most important Pietist group. Followers of preacher John Huss of Bohemia who was burned at the stake in 1415 from rejecting Roman Catholic teachings. Primary focus was evangelism and they conducted mission work among the slaves in the Caribbean. |
| Catechism (page 73) | a summary of a denomination’s doctrine framed in a question and answer form. Children were “catechized” as the memorized answers to questions. For example, the Westminster Shorter…. |
| Bay Psalm Book (page 74) | A Puritan book of hymns; the first published in America. Not all churches had copies. The precentor (song leader) would call out a line and the congregation would repeat it |
| John Eliot (page 75) | New England pastor, concerned about Algonquin Indians. Translated the Bible into their language. The first Bible printed in America. Converts called “praying Indians”. Established the “Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in new England” |
| David Brainerd (page 75) | Congregationalist. A close friend of Jonathan Edwards who died from tuberculosis. Was not very successful, but his Journal published after his death inspired many to enter missions work. |
| David Zeisberger (page 76) | Moravian; Led the most successful Moravian mission near Bethlehem, PA, called Gnadenhutten (“sheltered by grace” |
| Theodore Frelinghuysen (page 77) | Dutch Reformed pastor who came to New Jersey. Emphasized personal conversion, a life of holiness. His preaching resulted in revivals in churchs in the 1720s, the beginning of the Great Awakening |
| Gilbert Tennent (page 77) | Presbyterian who was an early part of the Great Awakening, preached the need for conversion and holy living. Saw converted souls and re-dedicated saints. Carried revival throughout the colonies |
| “New Lights” (page 77) | The revival that multiplied Presbyterianism also split the denomination. Supported the revival wholeheartedly ; charged the Old Lights with obstructing the work of God |
| “Old Lights” (page 77) | condemned the emotional displays that accompanied the Awakening; complained about teachers who entered an area to preach without permission of the local Presbyterian pastor |
| Jonathan Edwards (page 77) | The greatest theologian of the Great Awakening; Entered Yale before age 13. Consumed by a “love for God”. A pastor of a Congregationalist church in Northampton, MA. Preached on Justification by faith. Sparked awakenings in the church. |
| George Whitfield (page 78) | A gifted preacher. considered the greatest evangelist; preached outdoors wherever he could. Made seven (7) preaching tours of the colonies. His tours united the revivalists through the colonies |
| Samuel Davies (page 80) | Carried the revival of the Awakening to the Presybeterians in Virginia. Persuaded the government to permit more religious liberty or non-Anglican. Promoted education by helping to found the school of Washington and lee University |
| Shubal Stearns (page 80) | A New Englander who were converted under the preaching of Whitefield. Became Baptist which caused Anglican Whitefield to lament “My chickens have turned to ducks.” Worked in Sandy Creek, NC |
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