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History Green Notes
September 9 - October 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who built the first permanent settlement in the New World? | Samuel de Champlain |
| Who did he befriend? | the Algonquin Indians |
| What did he explore? | most of the St. Lawrence Valley |
| Who was Father Marquette? | A Jesuit Missionary/ Fur Trader |
| Where did he sail? | down the Mississippi River to the Arkansas River |
| Who claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France and where did he sail? | Robert LaSalle Sailed from Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico |
| What land was named after King Louis XIV? | Louisiana |
| When was New Orleans built? | 1718 |
| What were the major waterways? | -St Lawrence and Mississippi River |
| What were the weaknesses of France? | -too spread out -only two large settlements: Montreal & Quebec |
| French vs. British in 1750's | FRENCH BRITISH -scattered -confined -united gov. - not as united -more Indian support. - less Indian support -no Iroquois support - Iroquois support -strongest European power - not as strong |
| What caused the French and Indian war? | wealthy Virginians claiming land that had already been claimed by the French |
| Who was sent to go warn the French that the land belonged to Britain? | George Washington |
| What was their response? | They ignored him |
| When did Washington and his militia build Ft. Necessity and where? | 1754 on Ohio Frontier |
| When was the first battle of the war and who won? | July 4, 1754 French and Indians win |
| Who made up the Albany Congress? | 2 delegates from 7 colonies |
| Who also met with them? | Iroqouis Confederation |
| Who tried to promote intercolonial union but was rejected? | Benjamin Franklin |
| What were some of the British failures? | General Edward Braddock along with Virginia militia was ambushed in the wilderness, later killed with most of his troops. |
| Name the forts they lost. | -Ft. Niagara -Ft. Crown Point -Ft. Oswego -Ft. William Henry |
| What were the British successes? | -1758: General Jeffrey Armherst captured Louisburg -1758:captured a fort on Lake Ontario -1759: captured Ft. Niagara and Quebec -1760: captured Montreal -1762: Spain joins the French |
| Who was involved in the Treaty of Paris in 1763? | England, France, and Spain |
| What did each receive? | -England: India, all of America east of Mississippi River (except New Orleans) -France: Only 4 small islands and New Orleans -Spain lost: Florida, New Orleans, Cuba, Philippines |
| How did this influence the colonists? | They gained good experience and value of cooperation |
| What caused the tensions to grow? | -could only trade with England -restricted trading with only British ships -could only buy from England with import duty |
| And the main reason for this was... | WAR DEBT = MORE TAXES |
| Who was a weak ruler who believed that colonists should help pay for the cost of protection and war? | George III |
| Who was a prime minister who made laws with no colonial representation? | George Grenville |
| Sugar Act of 1764 | -placed duty on molasses, sugar, and other products -supposed to help pay for protection |
| Currency Act of 1764 | -forbid colonists to issue paper money -also said all taxes must be paid in gold or silver |
| Quartering Act of 1765 | -Colonial authorities must provide barracks and supplies for British troops |
| Stamp Act of 1765 | -tax on legal documents, cards, newspapers -direct tax: had to be paid directly to government |
| What did the colonists do to oppose the Stamp Act? | they declared taxes illegal |
| What happened in October 1765? | 9 colonies met in New York |
| What was this meeting called? | Stamp Act congress |
| What did the colonial merchants agree on? | non-import agreements |
| What did the Sons of Liberty do? | rioted large towns, destroyed offices of stamp collectors, tarred and feathered sympathizers. |
| Who repealed to the Stamp Act and what happened to them? | Merchants repealed. They were going bankrupt. |
| When did that happen? | March 1766 |
| Declaratory Act of 1766 | Parliament asserted full power to make law binding for colonies |
| Who wrote the Townshend Acts and what did that do? | Written by Charles Townshend and put duties on articles of everyday use in America |
| What did the Writ of Assistance do? | Allowed government the right to search |
| Who refused to provide living quarters and what was the result? | New York Parliament suspended their representative assembly |
| Who drafted the letter to colonies urging United Resistance? | Samuel Adams |
| How did Parliament respond? | Suspended their assemblies |
| What was the direct action taken? | -non importation -mobs on the street making fun of lobsters/ redcoats |
| What happened on March 5, 1770? | Boston Massacre |
| Where did the large crowd gather? | Around the 29th British regiment |
| What triggered a reaction? | A shot ringing out |
| Casualties and wounded? | 3 killed instantly 2 mortally wounded |
| Who was the first civilian killed? | Crispus Attucks |
| Who defended the soldiers that were tried? | Josiah Quincy Jr. and John Adams |
| Who organized the Committees of Correspondence? | Samuel Adams |
| Who created this special town meeting and what did they call it? | Citizens of Boston and called it "Committees of Correspondence" |
| How many members? | 21 |
| What was their objective? | To keep the world informed about what was happening in Massachusetts |
| Tea Act of 1773 | -Company officials make deal with Parliament and gave the company a large loan - allowed them to lower prices without loss of profit -could only sell to British merchants who sold directly to colonists |
| How did the colonists feel about this? | They did not want to help the company and had fear of British company monopoly |
| What were some reactions to the Tea Act? | -Riots -stored tea in damp cellars -burned ships and cargo -Philadelphia and New York would not let ships enter harbor |
| Boston Tea Party 1773 | -Colonists disguised as Indians -threw cargo into Boston harbor |
| How many chests of tea? | 342 |
| What were the Intolerable Acts of 1774? | The British reaction to the Tea Party |
| What were the 4 parts the Intolerable Acts? | 1. closed port of Boston until wasted tea was paid for 2.revoked Massachusetts charter of 1691 and forbade Massachusetts colonists to hold town meetings 3. new Quartering Act 4. British officials in Massachusetts could be tried in England |
| Quebec Act 1774 | -Passed with Intolerable Acts -Intended to establish order in Canada - Canada border at Ohio River |
| Who was named governor of Massachusetts? | Thomas Gage (British) |
| What made the colonists upset? | He was given more troops |
| What did George II order? | A Naval Blockade |
| How many Hessian mercenaries were hired? | 10,000 |
| Who does America appeal to for help? | -France (including those in Canada) -Spain -Netherlands |
| In early 1776, who occupied Dorchester Heights? | George Washington |
| Who took Thomas Gage's place? | Sir William Howe |
| When was the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge? | February 27, 1776 |
| Where was the battle and who won? | North Carolina, victory for Patriots! |
| What were some advantages of declaring independence? | - captured patriots could be tried as prisoners of war instead of being shot as rebels - patriot government could seize property of Tories - Patriots would have better chance of getting aide from France and Spain |
| Who proposed independence from Britain? | Richard Henry Lee |
| When? | June 7, 1776 |
| Name the committee of 5 men appointed to form the declaration of independence: | -Thomas Jefferson (did the actual writing) -Benjamin Franklin -John Adams -Robert Livingston -Roger Sherman |
| Name the three parts of the declaration | -Preamble/ reasons for separation: evil king, absolute tyranny -new theory of government: democracy -formal declaration of war: last paragraph |
| What spurred the thirst for independence? | The blood in the revolution |
| Who wrote "Common Sense"? | Thomas Paine |
| And the quote? | "America had grown into a new nation with different interests of its own" |
| When was Lee's proposal voted approved? | July 2, 1776 changes were requested in Jefferson's document |
| When did congress adopt the declaration of independence? | July 4, 1776 |
| Who was the president of congress and the last to sign the document? | John Hancock |
| When was the declaration officially proclaimed to the people and where? | July 8, 1776 in Philadelphia |
| What were some of the reactions to the declaration? | -Patriots: rejoiced in the streets -Others: greeted with indifference -Loyalists: refused celebrations |
| What was happening in August of 1776? | There were 30,000 British in New York, about 8,000 of them Hessians |
| In late August, where did Howe push Washington's troops? | From Long Island back to Brooklyn Heights |
| What was the problem? | British on land, British on sea |
| How did Washington get lucky? | General Howe did not attack immediately. |
| How was the weather and how did it help? | Under the cover of fog, Washington was able to cross the east River reaching Manhattan safely |
| What happened since he couldn't hold Manhattan? | He retreated to the North and left New York to the British |
| Where did Washing move the Continental troops? | From Boston to New York |
| How many patriot troops were there in New York in July 1776? | 30,000 |
| When did Sir William Howe land his British troops and where? | July 2, 1776 on Staten Island |
| Who was his brother and how did he help? | Admiral Richard Howe brought Naval reinforcements |
| What happened in late October 1776? | Retreat across New Jersey because the winter was approaching and there was loss of men and supplies |
| What was Washington's route? | Crossed Hudson River into South New Jersey, from New Jersey to Pennsylvania where he crossed the Delaware |
| What was General Howe's state of mind? | He was sure the war was almost over |
| Who stationed 1,300 troops to watch Washington? | General Charles Cornwallis |
| How many prisoners did Washington take in the surprise attack? | 1,000 |
| When the British reinforcements rush to help, where when the Americans? | They had slipped away under the cover of darkness |
| Why did he withdraw to northern New Jersey? | Because from that position he could cut communication lines from New York City to New Brunswick or to Trenton |
| When does Howe pull his troops out of New Jersey? | When Washington's victories at Trenton and Princeton ruined his plans to end the war in the winter of 1776-1777 |
| What effect did the victory have? | This encouraged the patriots and many enlisted to serve |
| When did the British want the war to end? | Sometime in 1777 (Disaster at Saratoga) |
| Who led an expedition from Canada down Lake Champlain? | Lt. Colonel Barry St. Leger (British) |
| Who led the 3rd expedition from New York up the Hudson River? | General Howe |
| Who reached Mohawk valley and what did he find? | St. Leger and found Ft. Stanwix (Americans) |
| Who was coming? | Benedict Arnold |
| Who deserted St. Leger and what did the British do? | His Indians The British retreated to Canada |
| Who knew too little about the Wilderness? | Burgoyne |
| How many Hessians did he send to Vermont to get supplies? | 500 |
| What happened in Bennington? | General John Stark destroyed them |
| What was the effect of this? | -No new supplies -supply lines difficult -New England militia swarming around him |
| How was it looking in Beamis Heights? | Large American Army |
| Philip Schuyler | New York |
| Benjamin Lincoln | Massachusetts |
| Horatio Gates | Virginia |
| Daniel Morgan | Virginia |
| Benedict Arnold | Connecticut |
| When was the famous surrender? | October 17, 1777 |
| How many troops? | 6,000 |
| What did Howe do in the meanwhile? | He crossed the Delaware and settled in Philadelphia for the winter of 1777-1778 |
| Where did Washington remain? | Outside of Philadelphia at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania |
| When was the aid of the French given? | Secretly prior to Saratoga |
| What happened on February 6, 1778 | 1st Treaty: commercial treaty giving favorable treatment in trade 2nd treaty:- France recognized U.S. independence - wage war until America was free |
| Who supported the American cause? | Spain and Netherlands |
| Prussia | organized and drilled continental army |
| Poland | planned American defense of Hudson River |
| France | supplied many of the equipment and arms |
| Who replaced General Howe? | Sir Henry Clinton |
| What did he do? | He withdrew the troops from Philadelphia and set out across New Jersey and New York |
| What happened in the Battle at Monmouth Courthouse? | 350 dead on each side, so it was indecisive. Continued to New York |
| Why was this battle so important? | It marked the end of military activities in the North |
| How was the Torie support in the South? | It was strong |
| What happened in December 1778? | The British seized Savannah, GA |
| When did they seize Charlestown, SC? | May 1780 |
| Who operated from these ports? | General Charles Cornwallis |
| Who did General Charles Cornwallis destroy? | Continental army troops |
| Name the three gentlemen that made British conquest difficult | -Isaac Shelby -John Sevier -Daniel Morgan |
| What happened in January 1781? | Morgan defeats the the British at Coupens, SC |
| March 1781 | Guilford Courthouse, Cornwallis defeats Americans |
| Was he totally successful? | No, he also had losses so great that he ended up abandoning it and moved to the coast for Navy support |
| What were the outcomes? | -By 1781, the British were where they were in 1778 -They only had New York City and a few southern sea ports -South campaign had no more success than the North |
| What did George Rogers Clark do? | -cleared the way in the west -traveled down Ohio river up Mississippi River |
| What were the 3 forts he captured? | -Kaskaskia -Cahokia -Vincennes |
| Who took back Vincennes? | The British |
| When did Clark march 170 miles and was the result? | February 1779 and he defeated the British |
| What was going on in the summer of 1781? | Cornwallis was in Virginia |
| Where did he base his forces? | Yorktown |
| Who supplied these forces? | The British navy from the New York harbor |
| The American army at this time was... | small |
| Name the three generals that watched Cornwallis: | -Lafayette -Von Steuben -Anthony |
| Who watched Clinton and the British in New York City and where? | Washington and his troops with help from the French watched in White Plains, New York |
| Who was the commander of the French fleet in the West Indies? | Admiral De Grasse |
| What did he tell Washington? | That he could use his fleet |
| Where did De Grasse place his fleet? | Across the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay |
| Who faked attack in New York? | American army in White Plains |
| After Washington made the march to Chesapeake Bay, what did he do? | He joined the French and American forces in front of Vermont |
| Cornwallis' Status? | Hopelessly trapped |
| In front- | -Superior American Army (8,000 Americans +7,000 French) |
| Behind- | French trapped |
| Result of British attempt to break French blockade? | epic fail |
| Who admitted defeat? | Cornwallis |
| When did the British troops surrender? | October 19, 1781 |
| When was a formal treaty organized? | 1783 |
| Who were the 4 American commissioners of the Peace Treaty? | -Benjamin Franklin -John Jay -John Adams -Henry Laurens |
| What were the terms of this treaty? | -American gained independence -All lands between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River -Right to fish in the gulf of St. Lawrence and off the coast of Newfoundland |
| What were the British demands? | -All land and property taken from Tories be returned -Private debts to England be paid |
| Answer? | HAVE TO ASK THE PEOPLE |
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