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US HISTORY TERMS
chapters 4 through 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cabinet | a group of advisers to the president, president regularily meets with them |
| bonds | paper notes promising to repay money over a certain length of time, way to pay for revolutionary war |
| speculators | people willing to take buisness risks in hope of financial gain in the future, veterans sold there bonds to speculators |
| enumerated powers | powers specifically mentioned in the constitution, clearly stated |
| implied powers | created due to the "necessary and proper" clause, powers not explicitly listed in the constitution but necessary for government to do its job |
| most-favored nation | Americans would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britian but woul receive the same treatment as other favored nations, also allow limited trade with Carribean colonies and to evacuate its forts in US territory |
| aliens | people living in the country who were not citizens |
| interposition | if the federal government did something unconstitutional then the states would interpose and stop the action |
| nullification | if the government passed an unconstitutional law then the states could nullify it, or declare it invalid |
| judicial review | power to decide whether laws passed by congress are constitutional and strike them down if they are not |
| contraband | smuggled goods on merchandise ships and sometimes looked for british sailors who fled their vessel |
| impressment | legalized form of kidnapping, used by British to take back British and American sailors |
| embargo | a government ban or trade with other countriesm in 1807 embargi between US and Europe, It hurt he US more than Europe |
| War Hawks | members of congress who wanted to declare war, from south and west were lead by: Henry Clay of Kentucky, and John C Calhoun of South Carolina, and Felix Grundy of Tennessee |
| revenue tariffs | intended to provide federal income, tax on imports |
| protective tariff | aimed at protecting American manufactures by taxing imports |
| interchangable parts | standard components, popularized by Eli Whitney in the early 1800s, quickly put together in assembly line |
| nativism | preference by native-born people and a desire to limit immigration, it was desired because of the different languages and religion |
| labor unions | groups of workers who press for better working conditions and member benefits, 1820s to 1830s about 30000+ men and women belonged to these, local and focused on one job |
| strikes | work stoppages, Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that strikes were legal in 1842 |
| cotton gin | in 1793 Eli Whitney built an engine (gin) that quickly removed seeds from cotton |
| yeoman farmers | ordinary farmers made up the vast majority of the white population, small farmers became more popular |
| "favorite sons" | men who enjoyed popularity and political support in their home and state region, in 1824 4 republicans were favorite sons |
| "corrupt bargain" | accused that clay had secured votes for Adams in return for a cabinet post, they denied it and Jackson was outraged |
| mudslinging | attacking eachothers personalities and morals, in 1828 John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson |
| Spoils System | practice of appointing people o government jobs based on party loyalty and support, in his view he was opening the government to ordinary citizens |
| caucus | members of congress in a closed meeting to choose nominees |
| secede | South Carolina tried to withdraw from union |
| benevolent societies | associations that sprung up in cities and towns across the union |
| transcedentalism | a notable group of philosophers and writers in New England |
| temperance | moderation inn the consumption of alcohol |
| utopia | ideal societies |
| abolition | immediate end to slavery in 1800s |
| emancipation | freeing usually of enslaved people |
| Manifest Destiny | idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific, most emigrants and Americans believed this |
| squatters | first pioneers who settled on lands they did not own |
| Tejanos | spanish-speaking inhabitants lived in southern part of region |
| empresarios | agents who contracted with the Mexican government to bring in a certain number of residents in exchange for large grants of Texas land |
| annexation | absorption, acception |
| popular sovereignty | Lewis Cass suggested that the citizens of each new territory should be allowed to decide if they wanted to permit slavery or not |
| secession | taking their states out of the union, southerners didn't want to lose their political power |
| Underground Railroad | In the 1830s abolitionists helped thousands of slaves escape to the north, conductors used secret signs to communicate |
| transcontinental railroad | railroad would cross the whole country in the 1850s it would reduce the journey and expand territories |
| referendum | popular vote on an issue, an anti slavery majority then voted down the Lecompton Constitution |
| insurrection | rebellion, 1859 Brown developed a plan an insurrection against slave holders |
| Confederacy | Confederate states of America, the seceded states, drafted a form of government like the constitution |
| martial law | military rule, anyone supporting secession can be arrested and held without trial, Maryland stayed with union |
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