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DAT ch 2
bio- reproduction from coursesaver notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| S phase | replicate genome (create chromatids) |
| G1 & G2 phase | gap - In G2 the cell prepares to divide. During G1, we see the production of mitochondria, ribosomes, and much protein synthesis. |
| Mitosis | 2N=>2N, occurs in all dividing cells; 10% of cell cycle- interphase, prophase,metaphase anaphase, telophase |
| Interphase | replication of genetic material resulting in sister chromatids |
| Prophase | chromosomes condense; spindles form |
| Metaphase | chromosomes align at plate |
| Anaphase | sister chromatids separate; shortest phase |
| Telophase | new nuclear membranes form (cleavage furrow forms); spindles disappear |
| sequence of complete cell cycle | S, G2, P, M, A, T, G1 |
| Mitosis in Plants | lack centrioles and divide by cell plate not cleavage furrow |
| Meiosis | occurs in sex cells, homologous chromosomes pair at meta plate (tetrads), crossing over can occur, 2N=>N |
| First Meiotic Division | produces 2 daughter cells w/ N chromosomes w/ sister chrom |
| Prophase I | chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material (crossing over) |
| Metaphase I | tetrads align at plate (synapsis); each pair attaches to a separate spindle |
| Anaphase I | homologous pairs pulled to opposite poles (disjunction) / distribution to the two daughter cells is random w/ respect to parental origin |
| Telophase I | – nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus |
| number of functional gametes in females | Note that only one becomes functional gamete in females |
| chiasmata | X-shaped region b/w diff. chromatids of homologous chromosomes |
| kinetichore | specialized group of proteins and DNA on a chromatid to which several spindle microtubles are attached; found within the centromere of each chromosome |
| Synapsis | pairing of homologous of chromosomes during meiosis I |
| inversion | chromosomal segment turned 180o |
| Translocation | 2 nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes (attachment of all or part of one chromosome to another) |
| exception to the universality of the genetic code | Mitochondria |
| Nondisjunction | failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate during Meiosis II; result in trisomy or monosomy; ex Down syndrome |
| Turner syndrome | sterile female lacking X chromosome |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | 44 autosomes + XXY |
| Asexual Reproduction | production of offspring w/o fertilization |
| Binary Fission | prokaryotes; DNA replicates, wall grows inward along midwall; ex paramecia, amoebae, algae, bacteria |
| Budding | develops as outgrowth, forms smaller cell; ex hydra & yeast |
| Regeneration | regrowth of lost body part; ex starfish and hydra |
| Parthenogenesis | unfertilized egg to adult egg; ex bees and ants |
| Gonads | male = testes, female = ovaries |
| Leydig cells | in the testes, secrete testosterone |
| Spermatogenesis | sperm production in seminiferous tubules; head = nucleus & tail = flagellum |
| acrosome | membrane-bound structure at the anterior end of sperm cells; containshyaluronidase (hydrolytic enzyme that causes the breakdown of protective surfaces of the egg) |
| prostatic fluid | helps neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions to enhance sperms’ ability to swim; also neutralizes seminal fluid (too acidic from metabolic waste of sperm) |
| Oogenesis | oocytes produced in ovaries |
| capacitation | functional maturation of the spermatozoa while in the female, allows for egg penetration |
| Male Reproductive path of sperm | SEVEnUP (seminiferous tub, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis) |
| Female Reproductive anatomy | fallopian tube opens to uterus (narrow end called cervix), cervix connects with vaginal canal |
| The Menstrual Cycle phases | divided into follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation |
| Follicular phase | FSH promotes development of follicle which secretes estrogen Ovulation |
| Luteal phase | LH induces follicle to develop into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone (LH and FSH inhibited) |
| Menstruation | If fertilized placenta produces (Human chorionic gonadotropin) hCG (estrogen + proges levels remain high) // If NOT fertilized, corpus luteum atrophies tocorpus albicans (drop in estrogen + prog) and menstrual flow begins Estrogen – thicken endometrium |
| Progesterone | development and maintenance of endometrial wall |
| Gametophyte generation | haploid & produce haploid gametes thru mitosis; sexually reproduce; ex mosses |
| Sporophyte generation | diploid but produces haploid spore by meiosis; ex ferns and angiosperms |
| Angiosperms | flowering plants; flower is reproductive structure |
| Stamen | male organ; composed of stalk-like filament & sac-like anther (produces haploid spores that develop into pollen) |
| Pistil | female organ; composed of stigma (catches pollen), style, and ovary |
| Sepals | green leaves cover and protect flower bud during early development |
| Fertilization in plants | 1 sperm nucleus + 1 egg nucleus => zygote => embryo 1 sperm nucleus + 2 polar nuclei => 3n endosperm |
| Epicotyl | precursor of leaves |
| Cotyledons | seed leaves |
| Hypocotyl | develops into lower stem and root |
| Endosperm | feeds embryo |
| Seed Coat | develops from outer covering of ovule |
Created by:
xeenie
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