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History Chapter 24
The New Era
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Installment Plan | As Americans acquired spending money, installment, or time-payment, plans (“A dollar down and a dollar forever”) drove the new consumerism. Of 3.5 million automobiles sold in 1923, some 80 percent were bought on credit. |
| Oligopolies | the control of an entire industry by a few large firms. By the 1920s oligopolies dominated not only production but also marketing, distribution, and finance. US Steel and General Electric |
| “New lobbying” | In a complex society in which government was playing an increasingly influential role, hundreds of organizations sought to convince federal and state legislators to support their interest. Government policies helped business thrive, and legislators came t |
| Coronado Coal Company v. United Maine Workers | In this case in 1922, Taft ruled that a striking union, like a trust, could be prosecuted for illegal restraint of trade |
| Maple Floor Association v. United States | Yet in this case in 1929, the Court decided that trade associations that distributed anti-union information were not acting in restraint of trade |
| Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Company | In this case in 1922, the Court voided restrictions on child labor. |
| Adkins v. Children’s Hospital | In this case in 1923, the Court overturned a minimum-wage law affecting women because it infringed on liberty of contract. |
| Welfare Capitalism | Some corporations countered the appeal of unions by offering pensions, profit sharing (which amounted to withholding wages for later distribution), and company-sponsored picnics and sporting events. State legislators helped employers by permitting closed |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall had accepted bribes to leave oil-rich government property to private oil companies. The affair was called the Teapot Dome Scandal after a Wyoming oil reserve that he turned over to the Mammoth Oil Company |
| McNary-Haugen Bills | Responding to farmers’ complaints of falling prices, Congress twice passed bills to establish government-backed price supports to stable crops (the McNary-Haugen Bills of 1927 and 1928. The gov't bought excess crops and hold them until prices increased |
| Election of 1924 | Republicans nominated Coolidge, Democrats nominated John Davis, Progressivists nominated Robert La Follette. Coolidge prosperity won the election. |
| Bureau of Indian Affairs | President Herbert Hoover’s administration reorganized the Bureau of Indian Affairs and increased expenditures for health, education, and welfare. Much of the money, however, went to enlarge the bureaucracy rather than into Indian hands |
| League of Women Voters | Through this organization, reorganized out of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, women encouraged other women to run for office, but it worked more actively as lobbyists for laws to improve conditions for employed women, the mentally ill, a |
| Sheppard-Towner Act | Action by women’s groups persuaded Congress to pass this act in 1921, which allotted funds to states to create maternity and pediatric clinics. (The measure ended in 1929, when Congress, under pressure from private physicians, canceled funding.) |
| Cable Act | This act of 1922 reversed the law under which an American woman who married a foreigner assumed her husband’s citizenship, allowing such a woman to retain U.S. citizenship |
| National Woman Party | This group pressed for an equal rights amendment to ensure women’s equality with men under the law. Such activity alienated other groups that worked for special protective legislation to limit the hours and improve conditions for employed women |
| Federal Highway Act | After the First World War, government aid made “automobility” truly feasible. In 1921 Congress passed the Federal Highway Act, providing funds for state roads, and in 1923 the Bureau of Public Roads planned a national highway system. Roadbuilding in turn |
| Urbanization | a majority of Americans lived in urban areas; the city had become the focus of national experience. Growth in manufacturing and services helped propel urbanization. During the 1920s, 6 million Americans left their farms for the city. |
| The Flappe | the short skirts and bobbed hair of the 1920s “flapper” symbolized independence and sexual freedom. Though few women lived the flapper life, the look became fashionable among office workers and store clerks as well as college coeds |
| Ku Klux Klan | Its appeal was based on fear, and it vowed to protect female purity as well as racial and ethnic purity. Reconstituted in 1915 by William J. Simmons. It's slogan was "Native, white Protestant supremacy" |
| Emergency Quota of 1921 | By stipulating that annual immigration of a given nationality could not exceed 3 percent of the number of immigrants from that nation residing in the United States in 1910, this act discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, whose |
| National Origins Act of 1924 | This law restricted the influx to 150,000 people by setting quotas at 2 percent of each nationality residing in the United States in 1890, except for Asians, who were banned completely |
| National Origins Act of 1927 | It retained the limit of 150,000 possible immigrants, but redefined quotas to be distributed among European countries in proportion to the “national-origins” (country of birth or descent) of American inhabitants in 1920 |
| Scopes Trial | Scopes tought evolution against the law. William Jennings Bryan, former secretary of state and three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecuting, and a team of civil liberties lawyers headed by Clarence Darrow represented the defense. |
| Pentecostal Religion | ities housed hundreds of Pentecostal churches, which attracted both blacks and whites struggling with economic insecurity, nervous about modernism’s attack on old-time religion, and swayed by the pageantry and personal God such churches depicted |
| Prohibition | Some Americans became lawbreakers by refusing to give up drinking. The Eighteenth Amendment (1919) and federal law (1920) that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages worked well at first. This broke down in the 1920s |
| Lost Generation | some writers of the lost generation left the US for good during this tme, others expressed disillusionment with the modernized society |
| The Harlem Renaissance | The "New Negro" in this “Negro Mecca” black intellectuals and artists, aided by a few white patrons, celebrated black culture during what became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The popular 1921 musical comedy Shuffle Along is often credited with launchin |
| The Jazz Age | The Jazz Age, as the 1920s is sometimes called, owes its name to the music of black culture. Evolving from African and black American folk music, early jazz communicated exuberance, humor, and authority that African Americans seldom experienced in their p |
| Presidential Election of 1928 | Republicans nominated Hoover, democrats nominated Al Smith who contrasted sharply with Hoover. Hoover won the election. |
| Black Thrusday | In the fall of 1929, stock market prices suddenly plunged after soaring in 1928. On October 24, “Black Thursday,” panic selling set in. Prices of many stocks hit record lows; some sellers could find no buyers |
| Black Tuesday | As news of Black Thursday spread, panicked investors decided to sell stocks rather than risk further losses. On “Black Tuesday,” October 29, prices plummeted again. This crash ultimately helped to unleash a devastating depression. |
| Charles Lindbergh | The first man to fly an airplane nonstop between New York and Paris on May 20, 1927 in The Spirit of St. Louis. He became one of the most celebrated heroes in American history |
| Warren G. Harding | Elected in 1920 when the populace no longer desired national or international crusades. He appointed some capable assistants who helped promote business growth, but he had personal weaknesses. He also said yes too often to predatory friends, appointing cr |
| Charles Forbes | member of the Veterans Bureau, appointed by Harding, who went to federal prison, convicted of fraud and bribery in connection with government contracts |
| Harry Daugherty | Attorney General, appointed by Harding, who was implicated in bribery and other fraudulent schemes and escaped prosecution by refusing to testify against himself |
| Calvin Coolidge | Harding’s Vice President who became president after Harding died in 1923. He was more closemouthed, and his presidency coincided with business prosperity. Respectful of private enterprise and aided by Andrew Mellon, who was retained as secretary of treasu |
| Marcus Garvey | A Jamaican immigrant who headed the Universal Nero Improvement Association (UNIA), which, in response to discrimination, threats, and violence, began to glorify racial independence. Garvey cultivated racial pride with mass meetings and parades and promote |
| Isaac Max Rubinow | In response to the limited federal assistance for retired employees, Isaac Max Rubinow and Abraham Epstein, along with other reformers, persuaded voluntary associations, labor unions, and legislators to endorse old-age assistance through pensions, insuran |
| Abraham Epstein | In response to the limited federal assistance for retired employees, Isaac Max Rubinow and Abraham Epstein, along with other reformers, persuaded voluntary associations, labor unions, and legislators to endorse old-age assistance through pensions, insuran |
| Nicola Sacco | An immigrant anarchist convicted of murdering a guard and paymaster during a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. His main offenses seem to have been his political beliefs and Italian origin. Though evidence failed to prove his guilt, Judge Webster |
| Bartolomeo Vanzetti | An immigrant anarchist convicted of murdering a guard and paymaster during a robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. His main offenses seem to have been his political beliefs and Italian origin. Though evidence failed to prove his guilt, Judge Webster |
| Jack Dempsey | Heavyweight champion, the “Manassa (Colorado) Brawler,” who attracted the first of several million-dollar gates in his fight with French boxer Georges Carpentier in 1921 |
| Harold "Red" Grange | Running back for the University of Illinois football team who thrilled fans and sportswriters with his speed and agility |
| George Herman "Babe" Ruth | Baseball’s foremost hero who hit sixty homeruns in 1927. His talent and boyish grin endeared him to million. Known for overindulgence in food, drink, and sex, he charmed fans into forgiving his excesses by appearing at public events and visiting hospitali |
| Rudolph Valentino | One of the decade’s most ballyhooed personalities, his suave manner made women swoon and min imitate his pomaded hairdo and slick sideburns. His image exploited the era’s sexual liberalism and flirtation with wickedness. In his most famous film, he played |
| Al Capone | The most notorious of such criminal organization mobs belonged to Al Capone, a burly tough who seized control of illegal liquor and vice in Chicago, maintaining his grip on both politicians and the vice business through intimidation, bribery, and violence |
| Herbert Hoover | An apt Republican candidate in the 1928 election because he refused the traditional value of individual hard work with modern emphasis on collective action. He distinguished himself as U.S. food administrator and head of food relief for Europe during the |
| Al Smith | The Democratic candidate for the Presidential election of 1928 and a governor of New York whose background contrasted sharply with Hoover’s. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president on a major party ticket and his religion enhanced his religio |
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