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HerrickHistory
US History Exam (Herrick)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Irangate | Nickname for the Arms for Hostage Deal by a Lebanese newspaper that leaked the story. |
| Agent Orange | During the Vietnam War, Agent Orange was used to clear forests, in order for American troops to see the enemy better. Caused severe environmental damage to the environment. |
| War Powers Act | Required the president to consult Congress before committing troops to the battlefield, let them know 2 days in advance before taking action, and take troops out after 60 days of service unless Congress said otherwise. |
| Pluralism vs. Assimilation | In the past, immigrants had to assimilate into American society/culture. But pluralism enabled them to make identities for themselves and recognize their differences instead of conforming to the prevailing culture. It demanded equality and respect. |
| Detente | A policy coming from the French word literally meaning "relaxation," designed to ease the tension between nations (especially US and Soviet relations). It left room for negotiation and not just nuclear threats. |
| Engle vs. Vitale | It banned prayer in public schools, forbidding that prayers and/or religion be taught because it didn't want to risk "brainwashing" students. Big case that basically outlawed religion in schools. |
| Miranda | Required that people were to be read their rights when being detained for a crime (arrested). Included the right to remain silent, the right to an attorney, and the conditions of the conviction. If rights werent read properly, the trial could b called off |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Enforced by the Attorney General; suspended literacy tests, poll taxes, and authorized federal officers to monitor and supervise elections in the South. One of the most monumental acts in the history of US freedom. Black voters jumped from 35-65% |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Enforced by the Attorney General; barred discrimination in public places (e.g. hotels, restaurants). De-segregated schools and outlawed discrimination in employment. |
| Little Rock 9 | After the Brown v. Board case, Arkansas was forced to integrate schools, so 9 black students were selected and enrolled into a white school;met with riots. Gov Faubus sent the National Guard to keep the 9 students safe.Tons of publicity;media a big player |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | After Rosa parks was thrown in jail for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, word spread like wildfire and all the blacks protested by not riding the bus, which had a huge impact on the bus companies/awareness and gave MLK momentum. |
| Brown vs. Board | Supreme Court Case that ruled separate facilities (schools) were inherently unequal. Thurgood Marshall was the lead attorney for this case and the driving force for Brown's victory. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | Closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the Soviets and the US. After the US discovered nuclear missiles installed by the Soviets in Cuba, JFK demanded Kruschev to remove them. After a very tense week, he agreed. |
| Thurgood Marshall | Leading NAACP attorney who declared segregation was NOT equal and that blacks had it exponentially worse. One of the heroes of the Civil Rights Mvmt (overlooked). Became a SCOTUS Justice. |
| NSC 68 | AKA the National Security Council created by Pres. Truman. It called for an increase in defense funds from $13-$50 billion, which required raising taxes. Majority of $$ went to the H-bomb, causing political debate, which stopped when NKorea invaded South. |
| Taft-Hartley Act | Stated that the president could order everyone back to work for 90 days in the event of a strike to cool off while collective bargaining continued. Permitted states to adopt "right to work" laws, ending closed shops and eliminating unions. |
| G.I. Bill | Rewarded Vietnam war veterans for service. 2 years of service was rewarded with 3 full years of college. Changed American society and transformed it into a prosperous, middle-class suburban nation. |
| Deterrence | Nuclear weapons were used to deter any enemies from attacking by adhering to responding with a just-as devastating counterattack aka MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction). |
| Berlin Airlift | When Stalin blockaded land entry into Berlin, the US began a massive airlift where supplies were dropped into Berlin for a year, forcing Stalin to lift the blockade because he said he couldn't prevent the creation of West Germany. |
| Marshall Plan | Secretary of State Marshall's recovery plan for Europe, inviting all European nations to request aid for rebuilding their economies. Plan helped European nations stay out of communist conditions/tendencies without demonizing communism openly. |
| Truman Doctrine | Taking containment one step further, Truman added economic support. Believed that US needed to step up and help "free the people" who were threatened by communism. Greece and Turkey were helped after gaining independence so they wouldn't fall into commun. |
| Containment | George Kennan's analysis of Russian Communism, who said in order to prevent the spread of communism, we needed to trap it and suffocate it so it didn't spread. Truman wholeheartedly adopted the doctrine -> Truman Doctrine. |
| Iron curtain | In a speech, Winston Churchill warned that the Soviets had dropped an "Iron Curtain" between their satellite nations and the free world. It separated communism and the free world. |
| Bretton Woods | The site of a conference in New Hampshire where the IMF was created along with the World Bank to create a new framework of economics and politics. |
| Self-determination | Principle law that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereign without external interference. Postwar disputes mainly over Poland - Stalin wanted it for Russia, which didn't follow govt./free election; settled who should rule. |
| War Labor Board | To end the labor strike of over 2 million workers who were protesting wages and working conditions, Roosevelt established this board to form a compromise b/w employers and unions. Had the authority to impose mediation in any labor dispute. |
| Phillip Randolph | Looked to bring down the wall of discrimination that blocked minority workers from skilled jobs in govt agencies, unions, and armed forces. Wanted to end discrimination of minorities that blocked them from full potential. March on Washington. |
| Nisei | Jap-American citizens who were being forced to relocate just for being Jap, not because they posed a threat ("A Jap's a Jap"). 80,000 were re-located and moved to internment camps, which violated the constitutional rights. |
| Yalta Conference | Big 3 met one last time in Yalta, on the Black Sea, where their relationships started deteriorating. Nearby, Allied forces were moving in on Germany. Roosevelt & Churchill attended b/c they were skeptical of Stalin (Roos. wanted Stalin to attack Japan) |
| Lend Lease Act | Wanting to stay out of the war, Roosevelt still wanted to aid the countries whose defense was vital to our safety w/o getting involved. This act allowed us to lend weapons to our allied nations under premise we would get them back; also rejected isolation |
| Appeasement | Hitler brought a whole new meaning to this word by going back on a deal (Munich Pact) with French/Brits meant to appease (bring peace). Deal agreed to give him part of Czech., as long as he left Europe alone. Made it synonymous with betrayal. |
| Cash and Carry | To keep the nation out of war, Congress created Neutrality Act to continue American trade, a policy that allowed US allies to buy US arms. But to buy them, nations had to pay in cash in advance and pick it up/transport it on their own, making us neutral. |
| Internationalists | Opposite of isolationists. Believed co-operation w/ foreign nations maintained peace and if we didn't reach out we'd fall behind. Attitude that war would eventually come to us no matter what so we should prepare for it. |
| Nye Committee | Investigation by Gerald Nye and his group on US's involvement in the war. Final report blamed bankers/ammo workers as "Merchants of Death," saying that it was really business/finance interests b/c they profited a lot from it. Never proven. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | After intervening in Latin America so many times, US began making enemies. Realized this, so we created this policy, which denied the right for any country to intervene in another's internal or external affairs. Later said we help Cuba economic only |
| LULAC | In response to the Mexican repatriation (deportation), the League of United Latin American Citizens was founded to prove their distinction from pure Mexicans and how they wanted to be difference since they were American citizens. |
| Dawes Plan | US VP Dawes persuaded a victorious Europe to go easy on Germany by scaling down reparations from WWII and let their economy stabilize. US lends money to Germany, who pay off war debt to other powers who pay off their debt to the US. |
| Associationalism | Promoted by Hoover. Involved the merging of like-minded businesses w/ involvement of the govt to increase efficiency. Role of govt was to promote merging/give advice in the public's best interest. Basically merging of business and govt. |
| Scopes | Tennesee highschool bio teacher John Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution in the classroom b/c it was illegal. Led to huge trial of Bryan (the state) vs. Scopes (and his town Darrow). Fought over Xtianity vs. Evolution/local vs. central control |
| Fundamentalism | People wanted to go back to the basics of the fundamental beliefs, like the virgin birth and resurrection of Jesus/a literal reading of the Bible like the creation story/the divinely inspired authorship of the Bible and it's timeless quality. |
| 18th Amendment | Sanctioned the prohibition of alc in the 20s; mixed reactions. Wealthy still able to drink from bootleggers, while others risked blindness from cheap alc. Could drink privatly, not in a bar. Hard liquor sales being profitable to bootleggers increase. |
| National Origins Act / Nativism | Immigration capped at 350,000/year. Some nationalities more favored than others while immigrating (Nordics favored over Mediteranneans). Asians banned altogether. Border Patrol established. |
| Marcus Garvey | Jamaican immigrant who supported segregation b/c he believed in African American pride. Foundation of Black Nationalism based on his beliefs, even though he was put in prison. Stated: Blacks back to Africa, Africa back to Africans. |
| American Plan | A 1920s plan for eliminating closed shop unions, where only union workers could work. Employers issue yellowdog contracts, disavowing union membership. Another side was "welfare capitalism" promising better conditions,less hrs,higher wages. Incentive2work |
| "Agricultural ladder" | (Lowest to highest): Hired hand, sharecropper, tenant farmer, land owner. Ironic because it was impossible to climb this ladder in the agricultural system at the time. |
| Debt peonage | In the South, poor farmers and freed men took out loans but wouldn't be able to pay them back so they paid w/ labor and products. Resulted in a lot of people falling into debt and unable to climb the agricultural ladder as a result. |
| Jim Crow laws | In the South, Jim Crow implemented these laws to segregate the blacks from the whites because he believed we needed to be separated from the "oppressive" blacks. |
| Plessy Ferguson | Approved of segregation and did not monitor equality, despite SCOTUS stating that facilities (schools) could be separated as long as they were equal. |
| 98th Meridian | Geographic line that separated the wet/fertile East line of US land from the arid, dry West side that got a lot less than 20 inches of rain per year. AKA The Great Plains |
| JW Powell | Led expeditions down the Green/Colorado Rivers, as well as through the Grand Canyon. Because of the water sources, Powell concluded that settling of the west required more scientific planning. He was silenced by the boosters of the west. |
| Dawes Act of 1887 | As a "reward," Indian groups were granted land to settle as/become farmers. It was unsuccessful because it went against Indians' cultural values and because they were nomads, NOT settlers. |
| Wounded Knee | The last major confrontation b/w US soldiers and American Indians at the village of Wounded Knee on a reservation in South Dakota. Led to the infamous massacre of more than 150 Sioux women, men and children. |
| Atlantic Charter | Created by Roosevelt and Churchill in a statement of principles that the 2 nations held in common; condemned "Nazi Tyranny" and embraced the 4 Freedoms; unofficial statement of war aims; put humanitarian values ahead of narrow interests. |
| FJ Turner | In 1894, Turner stated that the frontier was closed, exactly 90 yrs after Lewis & Clark; based on the 1890 census. |
| Disenfranchisement | Revocation of the black man's right to vote to render a person or group of people as ineffective using hinderances like literacy tests, poll taxes, and intimidation like lynching. |
| Advantages of a corporation | Corporations wer taxed as individuals and could outlive their owners b/c every1 in the corporation shared its resources. This meant an owner could die w/o having to do any legal reorganization, clearly a (+). Stock could also be sold and invested publicly |
| Migration chains | Families were the participants of a process where one member of a family would come to America and alert other members when they could come once they were settled. Immigrants were actively/heavily recruited by companies. |
| Pooling | Informal agreements among competing companies to act together. Designed to remove competition that led to rate wars. Divided markets, set prices, and assigned production levels/scheds. Good for business, bad for customers. Informal horizontal integration |
| Vertical integration | Company combining with one or more other companies to control/eliminate stages of production. Railroad brings raw materials, mill produces final product, and railroad distributes, etc. Possession of raw materials, transportation facilities, factories, etc |
| "trust" | Founded by Dodd & Rockefeller. Enabled stockholders to surrender control of stock in a company to a board of trustees (aka a trust). Advantageous to stockholders b/c they had faith in company & received generous dividends. Company could make immed. decis. |
| Holding company | One large company would buy out another company and let it keep working its own way while they benefited financially from it. Merging did not violate Sherman Anti-Trust Act b/c it didn't restrict trade. |
| Social Darwinism | Survival of the fittest in society, as in bio. Affirmed belief that the competitive social jungle determined the unfit to poverty and rewarded most fit w/ property/privilege. If immigrants and corps. were supposed to survive, they would. |
| Management tactics against labor | Took advantage of ability to hire/fire workers as saw fit. Created yellow dog contracts (prohibited joining/forming unions upon signing). Used blacklists and spies to make sure laborers didn't unionize. Used injunctions (authoritative warnings) |
| Pendleton Act | Civil Service Act that required a civil service exam for any applicant of a federal job in order to eliminate the spoil system. Awarded federal jobs based on merit, not political ties. Higher your score, higher ranking job you got. |
| McKinley Tariff | Raised tariff rates so high that they threatened to choke off all manufactured imports. Originally raised to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Supported by Repubs. "Reciprocity" allowed president to lower rates if countries did same |
| State commissions | States established commissions to investigate and regulate industry, esp. railroads who resented it. They gathered and publicized info on shipping rates and business practices; furnished advice about public policy. |
| Booker T. Washington | Believed white prejudice against blacks existed throughout the region. Urged blacks to accept what was offered them and work for economic betterment through manual labor. Est. Tuskegee Inst. w/ curriculum that stressed vocational skills (e.g. farming) |
| Populist Party | In 1892 at a St. Louis convention, 900 labor, feminist, farm, and other reform delegates founded this party (AKA the People's Party). Main goal was to return the government back in the hands of the "plain people." |
| Alfred Mahan | Navy captain who formulated the theory of navalism; wrote 'The Influence of Sea Power Upon History' arguing that great nations were seafaring powers that relied on foreign trade for wealth and might. |
| Teller Amendment | Joint resolution/agreement by US Congress that renounced any aim to annex Cuba and instead leave control of the island to its people. Response to President McKinley's War Message. |
| "White Man's Burden" | Imperialism in a nutshell. Belief that it was the white man's burden to have to govern places where minorities were the majority of the population. Taught ideals of democracy, western civilization, self-rule, and CHRISTIANITY (missionaries). |
| Filipino Insurrection | Brutal 3 year war. 5,000 Americans died. 25,000 rebels died. 200,000 civilians died. AKA the Philippine-American War, which was an armed conflict b/w a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the US, arising from a struggle for Phil. to gain independence. |
| Pragmatism | Instead of asking "Is it true?", Progressives asked "Does it work?" Charles Pierce called this new way of thinking pragmatism. William James became a more famous populiser who saw pragmatism as looking toward consequences/facts/went back to what was known |
| Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine | Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine by claiming the right to intervene directly if Latin Americans failed to keep their own finances in order as a response to the Dominican Republic defaulting on its debts. |
| Muir | Founded the Sierra Club in the hopes of maintaining natural wonders |
| Dollar diplomacy | President Taft stressed private investment to promote economic stability, keep peace, and tie debt-ridden nations to the US. Substituted dollars for bullets by installing leaders and paying them to behave. |
| Espionage/sedition act | Both acts set out harsh penalties for any actions that hindered the war effort or that could be viewed as even remotely unpatriotic. 1500 citizens arrested for dodging the draft, criticizing Red Cross, and complaining about wartime taxes. |
| Palmer Raids | The Attorney General (Palmer) was granted permission to instigate a mass, nationwide raid on any gathering/nationality of his choice. Targeted immigrants. Tens of thousands were imprisoned. |
| Square Deal | Roosevelt called together a meeting b/w industry and labor; envisioned big labor would counterbalance. Involved the govt mediating these meetings so that the could be fair results for all. |
| Isolationism | An American political attitude that affirmed our country should just stay isolated and keep to ourselves, let the other nations settle their own problems. Worry about ourselves. |
| Moral diplomacy | Woodrow Wilson believed that morality should guide all conduct. Shift from dollar diplomacy where we asked leaders to do something because it was the right thing to do. Do it because it's right vs. because we'll pay you. |
| War Industries Board | Led by Bernard Baruch. Coordinated production through networks of industrial/trade associations. Had authority to order firms to comply. Relied on persuasion through publicity and "cost-plust" contracts that covered all costs, guaranteed profit. |
| Platt Amendment | Gave American authorities the right to intervene in Cuba if the independence or internal order of the country was threatened. Eventually, this led to US troops occupying the island and annexing Cuba. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | After intercepting a telegram to the Kaiser's ambassor in Mexico from Germany's foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman, British authorities gave it to President Wilson. Telegram urged Mexico to wage war on the US and that Germany would supply them. |
| HC Lodge | Chairman of Foreign Relations. Opposed to the League of Nations and hated President Wilson. |
| Fourteen Points | Talking/Negotiating points of Woodrow Wilson, who in this envisioned peace, called for open diplomacy, free sees/free trade, disarmment, democratic self-rule, and "association of nations" (aka the League of Nations) End selfish nt'lism, imperialism, war. |
| DuBois | Author of 'The Souls of Black Folk' who saw no benefit in blacks sacrificing intellectual growth for vocational training (contrary to Booker T). Did not accept the South's discriminatory caste system; believed blacks had to struggle politically 4 equality |
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