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70s (unite 4)
Mr. Neises US history class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| purpose of New Federalism | to distribute a portion of federal power to state and local governments (make federal government less powerful) |
| did New Federalism succeed? | no |
| how Nixon used the FBI, CIA, and IRS (general) | spied on opponents and punished them (intimidated them) |
| how Nixon used the FBI | spied (wire tapped phone lines) on many people who were left wing and the Democratic party offices at the Watergate office building |
| how Nixon used the CIA | investigated and compiled documents on 1,000s of AMerican dissidents (people who objected to the government's policies) |
| who's plan was New Federalism | Nixon's |
| how Nixon used the IRS | audited the tax returns of anti-war and civil rights activists |
| IRS | international revenue service |
| Southern Strategy | Nixon tried attracting Southern conservative Democrats by appealing to their unhappiness w/ federal desegregation policies & a liberal Supreme Court (promised 2 name a southerner 2 the Court); Nixon successfully got conservative Democrats to vote for him |
| 26th Amendment | extended voting rights to 18 year old Americans |
| stag flation | high inflation and high unemployment (bad combination) |
| OPEC definition | organization of petroleum exporting countries; controls most of the world's oil supply; increased prices and cut off supply to the USA |
| OPEC impact | caused inflation to increase; gasoline prices went up |
| real politik | Kissinger's philosophy of "political realism" (a German word); foreign policy based on consideration of power, not ideals or moral principles; practical politics (real world politics) |
| detente | a policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions; easing of tension between USA and USSR; Nixon's program/idea |
| Salt | Salt I treaty; 5 year agreement; limited the # of intercontintental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) & submarines launched missiles to 1972 levels; agreement between USA & USSR (one of the 1st treaties between the 2) |
| characteristics of Nixon | loner; stratigist; insecure; secrecy (paranoid); didn't like dealing with people extra-ordinary |
| which communist countries did Nixon visit | Soviet Union and China |
| good leaders (Nixon DVD) | unpredictable; unpopular |
| Richard Nixon was concerned about the 1972... | election and security leaks (ex. Pentagon Papers) |
| CREEP | comittee to re-elect the president |
| why was CREEP made | to look outside the White House (created by Nixon) |
| the reality of CREEP | very close to Nixon and his inner circle; had links to the plumbers |
| most notice goes to the actual break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters which was | the Watergate Hotel |
| what caused the most harm in the entire Watergate Scandel | the cover-up |
| during the Watergate investigation, all softs of what kind of activities were uncovered | illegal |
| Senate Select Committee on Watergate | held much watched televeised hearings |
| Senate Select Committee during Watergate(explain select in the title) | select means specially formed (4 democrats/3 republicans) |
| Sam Ervin | charied the Senate Select Committee on Watergate; a senator from NC who had a reputation for being fair & he had no presidential ambitions |
| James McCord | former CIA man; led Watergave 5; was the 1st to talk; served jail time |
| John Dean | counsel to the president; became a government witness and implicated Nixon in the cover-up; served jail time |
| John Mitchell | Nixon's attorney general; headed CREEP; approved Watergate break-in; served jail time |
| G. Gordon Liddy | authored the break-in plan; popular talk show host today; planned the break-in; served jail time |
| Bob Haldeman/John Ehrlichman | Nixon's two top aides; very implicated in the cover-up; served prison time |
| why did the Watergate investigation continue | McCord wrote a letter to judge John Sirica (the existence of White House audio tapes discovered) |
| Nixon's presidency ended when | he resigned |
| who is the only president to resign | Nixon |
| what did Nixon's resignation show | the president is not above the law (but Nixon never served jail time) |
| link between the leak of the Pentagon Papers and the Watergate break-in | pentagon papers=leaks; Nixon=afraid of leaks; Nixon sent out his plumbers; plumbers did illegal activity |
| Daniel Ellsberg | released the Pentagon Papers |
| illegal abuses of CREEP, plumbers, and the White House | breaking and entering; espionage; dirty tricks; blackmail; hush money; obstruction of justice; burglery; illegal campeign contributions |
| Why was James McCord angry? | didn't want the CIA to get blamed for Watergate |
| what actions did James McCord take because he was mad? | wrote a letter to Judge Sirica saying perjury was committed and so Sirica decided to keep investigating Watergate |
| definition of impeachment | to bring charges against |
| presidents impeached | Andrew Johnson, Nixon, and Bill Clinton |
| presidents impeached and convicted | none |
| 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon | obstruction of justice (ex. hush money), ignoring a subpoena (ex. White House Tapes), and abuse of power (misuse of CIA, FBI, and IRS) |
| job of House of Representatives in impeachment process | indict (or bring charges); accused Nixon of the 3 articles |
| job of Senate in impeachment process | jury; where the trial is held; takes a 2/3 vote to convict; chief justice runds the trial & acts as the judge |
| stonewalling | stalling the investigation (ex. lying, releasing no information) |
| how Dean and Mitchell's testomonies differed | Dean told all, Mitchell said nothing |
| Howard Baker's central question | what did the president know and when did he know it? |
| what branches were in dispute | executive and congress |
| what did the executive branch claim over the White House Tapes | executive privilege |
| what did Congress say to the executive branch about the tapes? | only executive privilege for national security and military security reasons |
| what did the judge decide for the White House Tapes | tapes must be turned over because the tapes were evidence in a criminal investigation and the president can't block an investigation; voted 9-0 (unanimous) |
| Alexander Butterfield | the person who made it known there were tapes |
| why were the tapes needed | to support Dean and to see who was telling the truth (Dean or Mitchell) |
| how plumbers justified their actions | to prevent information leaks; national security |
| basic question of Watergate | was the president above the law? |
| imperial presidency | executive branch had the most power; president had power of a king |
| Saturday Night Massacre | a name given to the resignation of the US attorney general (Richardson) and the firing of his deputy; October 1973; Richardson & his deputy had refused to carry out Nixon's order to fire the special prosecutor (Cox) investigating Watergate |
| 18 1/2 minute gap | Rose Mary Woods said it was an accident (she picked up the phone and temporarily stopped the White House Tapes from recording; 18 1/2 minutes of silence on the tapes during an important conversation |
| impact-Watergate on the US people | developped a general cynicism about public officials; still around today |
| the person who took the place of Nixon | Gerald Ford; never won an election for president or VP |
| why was Gerald Ford a safe candidate | honest and straight forward |
| how Gerald Ford had to balance loyalty and criticism of Nixon | too loyal=supporting a criminal (yes man); too critical=people say Ford just wants to be president (Backstabber) |
| pardon | forgive for your crimes; a power the president has |
| Ford's pardon of Nixon | gave Nixon a pardon before his trial because it was the only way Ford could stop dealing with Nixon's problems and work on the nation's problems (taking too much of his time; ended up huring him) |
| Ford's staff's view of pardon | most disagreed |
| main focus of Ford | inflation (caused by high energy prices); the economy |
| WIN acryonm | Whip inflation Now |
| WIN | a call, established by Ford, to Americans to use less oil and gas |
| Helsinki Accords | a series of agreements that promised greater cooperation between Easter and Western Europe; tried to address the cold war in Eurpoe; tried to push detente |
| what was Ford's greatest presidential accomplishment | Helsinki Accords |
| Carter's main focus | battling the country's energy and economic crises; the economy; failed miserably trying to do so |
| parts of National Energy Act | tax on gas-guzzling cars; removed price controls on oil and natural gas produced in the USA; extended tax credits for the development of alternative energy ("go green") |
| impact of "Malaise Speech"/"Crisis of Confidence" | said America lacked confidence; seemed like Carter had given up |
| Rose Garden Strategy | the president campeigns but never leaves the White House (he video tapes from the Rose Garden in the White House); president is "too busy" to campeign |
| meaning of "crisis of confidence" | American people lost hope in our future |
| Ford's main tasks | make America forget Vietnam and Watergate; fix the economy |
| economic problems of the mid 70s | unemployment, inflation, high gas prices, and drug addiction |
| why Carter was popular | he was a Washington, DC. outsider (like the people), honest, and old fashioned |
| impact-USSR invades Afghanistan | ended detente; led to a USA military build-up; led to draft registration; ended Salt II treaty |
| impact-fall of Shah | led to the hostage crisis |
| shah | leader of Iran |
| how did our economy change during 1970s | few manufacturing jobs/factory jobs (went/are going across seas; more competition across seas); service sector jobs increased (involve helping other people); and economy became more complex |
| Bakke VS. California Board of Regents | limited affirmative action as reverse discrimination; said CA went too far so Supreme Court limited the affermative action program |
| action taken toward Panama Canal | USA gave the Panama Canal back to Panama; made some people mad |
| definition of Ayatollah Khomeini | political and religious leader of Iran; took over for the Shah; 1st of the radical muslim leaders |
| militant's demand (Iran) | wanted Shah back in Iran to face justice (shah had been getting cancer treatment in America) |
| Iran militant's action | took over USA embasy; for 440+ days held 100-200 American hostages; president Carter had trouble with this issue |
| why was this act (Nation held hostage) of terrorism unique | 1st time the Iranian government helped support terrorism (state sponsored terrorism) |
| impact nation held hostage had on AMerica | ended era of divideness and Vietnam (country became united); influenced election of 1980; showed USA military wasn't ready because of failed military rescue |
| actions taken by President Carter to end the nation held hostage crisis | failed rescue; we kicked out/deported Iranian students in Amiercan; froze Iran $ in USA banks; secret negotiations |
| evaluate president Carter's performance (Nation held hostage) | this issue cost him the 1980 election (because he appeared weak) |
| what was Carter's greatest succes/achievement | Camp David Accords |
| action Sadat threatened to take (Camp David Accords) | to leave (break off negotiations between Israel and Arab Nations (Egypt)) |
| Sadat | president of Egypt |
| Carter's view of consequences of breaking off negotiations (Camp David Accords) | bad |
| how Carter responded (Camp David Accords) | explained the consequences of breaking negotiations off to Sadat; talked Sadat out of leaving |
| Carter's appeal to Sadat (Camp David Accords) | he would be breaking a personal promise to Carter and therefore failure would be on Sadat; wait a few days and if the situation doesn't improve, leave |
| how did Carter convince Sadat to stay (Camp David Accords) | said that if any nation rejected any part of the agreements, none of the proposals would stay in effect |
| evaluate Carter's performance (Camp David Accords) | very hands on; critical role; wise; quick on his feet |
| from our point of view, what rights was Viktor Fainberg denied? | freedom of speech, fair trial, and face accusers; due process |
| how did Fainberg (USSR man) get his story out | notes passed to his wife through lips while kissing |
| how did Fainberg fight back | hunger strikes; resisted |
| why is the Dilemma of Human Rights an issue that should concern an American president? | USA allies in other places across the world are important to have but when the plan back fired we lost allies while trying to be moral |
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