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Gems104 umd
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) | an analytical tool: we cannot explain evolution by technical factors alone; we must also consider social, cultural, and economic factors technologies come about from social interaction with science and technology in turn impacts society (a circular model) |
| Internal improvements - | 19th century infrastructure: eg 1820’s program to restore infrastructure in the U.S. that was destroyed in the War of 1812 - built canals, roads, etc. |
| . Four-and-a-half foot navigation project - | project passed in 1878 to dredge Mississippi river to depths suitable for shipping to create a fixed river bed with no lateral movement done by Army Corps of Engineers |
| Army Corps of Engineers | - responsible for the Four-and-a-half foot navigation project, as well as the ones that followed it, such as rebuilding the levees after Hurricane Katrina managing rivers in New Orleans is about managing risk (where the acceptable level of risk is a |
| “Impossible, but Inevitable” | ”-Tech lock in Quote by Pierce Lewis about New Orleans disaster refers to how New Orleans is built in a location that we know will face flooding, but we build upon anyway because the Mississippi Delta is a major trading port and the backbone of transporta |
| 1927 flood in New Orleans | government decided to flood two relatively poor counties to avoid catastrophe for the rest of the state; precedent for Hurricane Katrina local newspapers & other media didn’t report the impending flood until it was too late |
| Lower Ninth Ward- | area most affected by Hurricane Katrina; poor area shows how issues of race and class were (such as in 1927) and still are intertwined with management of the Mississippi River (socioeconomic influences on disaster |
| . Judith Resnik-- | killed in Challenger explosion; she got her PhD from UMD in electrical engineering relation to 104: looking at failures helps us understand the complexities of technology |
| Sputnik shock - | Sputnik scared Americans because it was put into space at the time of the Cold War, when Russia and the US were having an arms and space race. People were scared that Russians would be able to drop bombs and fire nukes from space, so LBJ pushed for a spa |
| Normalization of deviance - | We learned this in relation to the oil rig blast in the Gulf and the Challenger shuttle disaster. It refers to the phenomenon of minor warnings that go off often enough that they are ignored (normalized) until the inevitable in the form of a catastrophe |
| 11. Metropolitan Edison | the electricity provider to Pennsylvania that owned Three-Mile Island who violated safety protocols, withheld information from federal agencies, and had an open disagreement with NRC |
| 12. Walter Cronkite | popular CBS news anchor (host of 60 minutes) who exposed much of the obscured information in the Three-Mile Island cover-u.p |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission; created by Congress in 1974 to allow safe exploration into nuclear energy; regulated commercial nuclear power plants and assigned to act as liaison between government and Pennsylvania during Three Mile Island accident N |
| “The China Syndrome” | A 1979 movie with Jane Fonda about a nuclear power plant. A reporter looks at safety issues in the workplace and exposes the safety cover-ups in the plant. The movie title refers to the fear that molten reactor core products could breach barriers during |
| 15. Sevin | pesticide manufactured at Bhopal plant; production requires form of cyanide (methyl isocyanate) that is extremely toxic; probably helped feed more people by increasing agricultural productivity than it killed in accident : technological transfer across na |
| 16. Anthracosis | disease caused by inhaling coal dust; causes black lung |
| 17. Bituminous coal | the coal used most often during the air pollution crisis in London because it is soft, less expensive, and easier to obtain, yet filled with impurities. The impurities (eg sulfur) were released when burned (eg SO2 emisions) and caused the smog. |
| 8. Anthracite coal - | A clean-burning coal, more expensive than bituminous coal. Higher quality, hard, mined deep underground |
| 19. John Evelyn | enlightenment scientist who wrote the first book to speak out against air pollution: Fumi fugium in 1661, which made him the most celebrated air pollution reformer of his time looked past the domestic problem at reform systematically from beginning to end |
| 20. Great Killer Smog | 1952, London. Stagnant weather conditions trapped air pollution, allowing the thick smog from the factories burning coal for fuel to blanket the city, turning day into night for several days. ~4000 died |
| 21. Inversion - | an environmental process by which, because of an area’s geographic location (in a valley or next to a mountain) cold and dense air forms a layer over the warmer air below it. Basically, this is a process that can trap pollutants in an area and prevent the |
| Women and Air Pollution | smoke abatement led by middle class women in North America; activists for municipal housekeeping, that keeping a city clean and healthy was part of prerogative as women and that smoke was immoral rather than evidence of progress (as it was seen) |
| 23. Futurama | Futurama - General Motors at the 1939 NY World’s Fair, portrayed “cities of tomorrow” and featured expressways through cities with skyscrapers, cars driving at 100 mph on roadways exclusively for cars, and a “National Motorway System” connecting all citie |
| 24. Norman Bel Geddes | American theatrical and industrial designer who designed the GM Futurama exhibit Book Magic Motorways – promoted advances in highway design and transportation and foreshadowed the Interstate Highway System |
| 25. American Association of State Highway Officials | founded 1914; responsible for setting highway standards and advocates for increased highway construction in US, Canada, Hong Kong; construction, asphalt thickness, width, exits |
| 26. Autobahn | First of two highways only for cars, built by Hitler because he was impressed with Henry Ford’s work and theology; built for propaganda (“the modern machine”) to present an image of Germany as an advanced and technological country, even though many citize |
| 27. Movement against Destruction (MAD) | - coalition of 25 grassroots activist groups in Baltimore to oppose freeway construction in 1968; started widespread movement of freeway revolts that were most successful when they crossed social and racial barriers relation to 104: like in response to H |
| 28. Barbara Mikulski | current Senator from Maryland who participated in the Freeway Revolts in Fells Point, Baltimore in the 1970’s as an activist |
| 29. Robert Moses | in charge of planning parks and roads in NYC; accused of being racist in his design – more likely to demolish Jewish or black neighborhoods for new parks; according to Moses, the end justifies the means (in this case, the roads would relieve congestion an |
| 30. Jane Jacobs | - activist author rallying for rights of Brooklyn neighborhoods against Moses’ proposed highway plans; a model of political activism |
| 31. Crash avoidance approach | - a less modern conceptual idea that it is the driver’s responsibility to be safe; ie we must educate the driver, not improve the car; avoid crash at all costs |
| 32. Crash worthiness approach | a more modern conceptual idea that cars should be designed to be safe and cannot solely rely on the driver; lessen the impact of injuries from crashes |
| NHTSA | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; established in 1970 response to the high number of deaths (WHO called it a public health epidemic) that occurred as a result of the poor or nonexistant safety standards |
| . Leaded Gasoline Controversy | 34. Leaded Gasoline Controversy - corporate interest in keeping leaded gasoline vs. public health officials’ protests; science and politics intertwined, corporate regulation lacking; the effects of lead were known to be harmful, yet it was still seen a |
| 35. Thomas Midgley, Jr | - GM Chemist who added tetraethyl lead to gasoline to solve “engine knocking problem”; said that lead emissions weren’t enough to cause harm. |
| 36. Alice Hamilton | outspoken critic of leaded fuel; pioneer in field of occupational health and safety who protested the use of lead in gas; studied toxicology and effects of industrial metals on human body. |
| 37. AAAS | American Association for the Advancement of Science - publishes Science, a prestigious scholarly journal which came under fire when it’s peer-review process failed to weed out Hwang Woo-Suk’s fake claims Science created a committee to study the matter an |
| 38. Hwang Woo-suk | - was considered pioneer in field of stem cell research until Nov 2005 when his article in Science was discovered to be mostly falsified; two Science articles (2004 and 2005) fraudulently reported to create human embryonic stem cells; later information em |
| 39. Gerald Schatten | participated in the experiments by Hwang Woo-suk (faculty at Pitt, co-authored papers), but later broke off the relationship after the ethical failures came to light; not guilty because was not aware that data was fabricated |
| 40. Snuppy | - was the first “successful” clone dog. It was later found that the creator, Hwang Woo-Suk had unethical scientific practices and fabricated the experiment |
| 41. Dolly (1996-2003) | first mammal to be cloned from adult somatic cells (mammary cells - hence the name Dolly); used nuclear transfer; proved that a cell taken from a single part of an organism could recreate the whole (Gems 104 relation? I don’t know haha) |
| 42. Robert Boyle | established a protocol for establishing trust between scientists, called “virtual witness,” so that scientific discoveries and experiments could be replicated to ensure validity. This protocol was an extremely detailed report on experiments including: Int |
| 43. Peer-review at journals/at funding agencies | standards for deciding what is acceptable and valid in science are matters of negotiation; important to prevent fraud; led by people knowledgeable in field; used by journals and organizations such as NIH and NSF |
| 44. Declaration of Helsinki | passed June 1964 – statement of ethical principles for medical research with human subjects and human material/data; stated that the duty of a physician to safeguard interests of a patient and to obtain informed consent; established guidelines on medical |
| 45. Sigmund Rascher | - Nazi physician who used prisoners to conduct experiments on high altitude and hypothermia to judge conditions faced by pilots; experiments declared inhumane at Nuremberg Trials |
| 46. Josef Mengele | - Nazi war criminal, geneticist at Auschwitz known as “Angel of Death” who picked inmates to be used in experiments and was especially interested in twins |
| 47. Tuskegee Experiments - | ) US Public Health Service syphilis study in 399 black men in Alabama (generally illiterate, poor, sharecroppers); clearly violated Declaration of Helsinki by withholding proven successful treatment in order to observe disease progression until death; sci |
| 48. Wernher von Braun | - German rocket scientist who was linked with Nazi “opportunism”; devout Christian, media star, and baron who later defected to the United States and became a patriotic American; invented the V-2 combat rocket, which killed more people during construction |
| 49. Peenemünde | Village on Baltic Sea in which military base (which country’s?) established for design and testing of V-2 rockets (flight tests over water); Operation Hydra- British bombing raid that targeted town before military base could be fully up and running; event |
| 50. Jean Michel | French citizen who published memoir of concentration camp Dora in 1975; sent to Dora for “resistance activity”; Dora was the slave-labor production base of V2 rockets and played a significant role in Hitler’s efforts to win war |
| 51. Braun’s “Faustian bargain” | “deal with the devil”; offered his allegiance, support, and any results of his research to the Nazis in return for being able to perform research on building rockets; thought that the need for rockets for the common good outweighed his bargain |
| 52. Francis Galton | - considered the father of eugenics; he was a polymath, Darwin’s cousin, and an expert in statistics. He studied heredity and the consequences of these mechanisms by applying statistical methods to study human differences. He wanted to see the larger ra |
| 53. Positive eugenics | - promoting breeding amongst people with the best qualities; more benign form of eugenics; sought ways of encouraging certain groups of people to have children and to raise them to acceptable standards; finding people who should be rewarded and encouraged |
| 54. Negative eugenics | discouraging/prohibiting breeding amongst those with “bad” qualities; much more controversial, led to disaster; most extreme form was genocide: to eliminate groups of individuals who were racially/ethnically belonging to one class; sterilization was also |
| 55. American Breeders Association | - founded in 1903 as first national-membership based organization promoting genetics/eugenics research in US. Its objectives were to determine the laws of inheritance, to learn how to apply laws to value of people, and to help bring about desired improve |
| 56. Charles Davenport | lead promoter of eugenics in the US in the 1910s (which led to sterilization of 60,000 Americans). Set up the Station for the Experimental Study of Evolution in Cold Spring Harbor, NY and the Eugenic Records Office. He believed that if society could ide |
| 57. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | Long Island lab headed by Davenport which collected data on eugenics |
| 58. Eugenic Records Office | examined medical records and conducted family studies to gather information on human heredity for social cost; looked at traits such as prostitution, alcoholism, criminality, feeblemindedness, etc from a hereditary standpoint |
| 59. Germ plasm | - zone in cytoplasm of egg cells that gives rise to germ cells. Early theory was that the only mode of heredity was traits passed through germ plasm to germ cells relation to 104: debunked with Dolly – cloned from somatic cells |
| 60. Buck v. Bell | In 1924, Virginia fell under the law of sterilization of residents of mental facilities. Mother Emma Buck was considered mentally deficient (prostitution and epilepsy) as was her daughter Carrie Buck, who was born out of wedlock; both were in the same Lyn |
| 61. Oliver Wendall Holmes | He was on the Supreme Court during Buck v. Bell, and wrote in the majority opinion that the people in the mental facilities were a burden on society, and therefore should be sterilized. “Three generations of imbeciles is enough.” |
| 62. Race hygiene | Government sanctioned positive eugenics; use of social measures to preserve/enhance biological characteristics (strongest/most fit allowed to have children). The qualities that eugenicists promoted would be correlated with the white race. |
| 63. Eugenics and the Holocaust - | the Nazi ideology was to build a master race that possessed certain physical and genetic qualities that were deemed superior to others. The plan was to slowly weed out those genes from the world gene pool that were deemed unfitting or inferior, including |
| 64. Williamina Fleming | maid of Edward Pickering who was hired as a woman “computer”; impressed Pickering enough that he decided to scout out more women as assistants. |
| 65. Pierre and Marie Curie | a scientific couple who were both physicists. Pierre treated Marie as an equal in their research and published joint papers, but he was still awarded more prizes (they thought she was just following on the coattails of a famous researcher). When Pierre wa |
| 66. Polite science | aristocratic women were educated in such to help them gain prestige, not to be active in academia. Polite science was science promoted to be discussed in drawing rooms, so women were taught this to be able to promote such discussion. A common polite sci |
| 67. Feminist critiques of science | The feminist critique on science was based in the idea that science as an institution was gendered. They claimed that one of the reasons women had trouble entering a scientific career was because of the “maleness” of science. Science is seen as a “penetra |
| 68. Edward Pickering | head of Harvard College Observatory who became unsatisfied with male graduate assistants and hired his housekeeper WIliamina Fleming as a “computer”. She was so competent that Pickering decided to hire all female lab assistants. |
| 69. “Pickering’s Harem” | the group of women “computers” who worked for Pickering in his astronomy laboratory, who were prolific yet earned less than male lab assistants. |
| 70. Racism and ideas of technological inferiority among blacks | - a socially-perpetuated idea that African Americans were technologically inferior and were “suited” for work in agriculture and menial labor. |
| 71. “Yankee Ingenuity” and Race | concept of racial attributes: reference to settlers’ conviction that only white people could handle technology, while other races could not. Therefore, contributions of African Americans to science and engineering were either ignored or written out of his |
| 72. Tidewater Rice Cultivation in South Carolina and West Africa | Slaves brought with them knowledge of rice cultivation technology and taught it to their white owners in the American South. |
| 73. Elijah McCoy | African Canadian mechanical engineer who was born in Canada & educated in Scotland but couldn’t get a job in the US. He developed important train machinery patents, such as automated lubricating cup to eliminate need to stop for oil. He had to sell his |
| 74. Granville T. Woods | - African-American electrical engineer who developed the telegraph system, yet sold the rights to the Bell company due to lack of funding. He was denied promotions despite high aptitude and a valuable education because of his race. Thomas Edison sued hi |
| 75. Madame C.J. Walker | a successful African American businesswoman who was part of Great Migration. She established herself selling beauty products to African American clientele at her beauty parlor in Chicago, and set up an African American retail network |
| 76. Hiram Whittle | first black undergraduate student in the engineering school at UMD. He was initially rejected and had to attend Morgan State until the NAACP sued. He won the case and was admitted in 1951. |
| 77. University of Maryland Eastern Shore | - the branch of UMD established mainly for African Americans and as a response to the growing demand for education for blacks. However, it was a poor comparison to UMD, with few resources and poor quality of education, especially in the engineering secto |
| 78. Harry C. “Curly” Byrd - UMD president 1936-1953 | . Byrd was a staunch supporter of a "separate but equal" state university system. His goals included segregation, a massive buildup of the Engineering School at College Park, and retaining focus on lower-level, agricultural and mechanical training and to |
| 79. Thurgood Marshall- | - NAACP Lawyer who represented Whittle in court who later became Supreme Court Justice. He was denied by UMD Law School and launched series of test cases to challenge Universities nationwide. |
| 80. Paulo Freire | critiques the theory of education called the “banking education,” where teachers “fill” students with information, students “store and regurgitate” - created a critical pedagogy of the “banking education,” & proposed “transformative knowledge” as a bette |
| 81. Uncertainty and STS | Scientific theories will always have uncertainty (Golem science). How do we deal with this uncertainty? How do we make decisions about what technology, science, and medicine to use? There is always going to be uncertainty about scientific theories (e.g. |
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