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Pathology
Lecture 1-General and NMS Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is general pathology? | Basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli |
| What is systemic pathology? | Specific reactions of specialized organs and tissues |
| Topics of general pathology | cellular rx to injury, cellular changes, cellular adaptation, inflammation, healing and repair, hemodynamic dysfunction, neoplasia, immunopathology, malnutrition, and genetic diseases |
| Topics of systemic pathology | Bones, joints, nervous system, muscles |
| Pathology broken down.... pathos= | suffering |
| Pathology broken down.... logos= | study |
| pathology means | scientific study of disease. Alterations of structure and/or function may result in clinically manifested diseases |
| pathology provides an understanding of: (5 things) | the disease process, the cuases, the mechanisms, the manifestations, the sequelae. Therefore, pathology constitues the scientific basis for proper diagnosis and treatment needed or healthcare providers |
| histopathology | diagnosis of diseases through tissue examination |
| cytopathology | diagnosis of diseases through examination of separated cells |
| chemical pathology | study of diseases regarding biochemical changes in tissue & body fluids |
| forensic pathology | application of pathology to legal purposes |
| toxicology | study of poisons & their effects |
| hematology | study of disorders of blood cells and coagulation proteins |
| microbiology | study of infectious diseases and responsible agents |
| genetics | study of abnormal chromosomes and genes |
| harmful agent + body's reaction= | disease |
| disease | due to variation outside normal range |
| pathology | etiology, clinial picture, pathogenesis, progression |
| clinical practice | diagnosis, prognosis, prevention |
| Important broad groups of diseases | 1.inflammatory (including infections) 2. degenerative (excluding aging) 3. neoplasmic (tumors) |
| Diagnostic Pathology (4) | 1.biopsy 2.cytology 3.blood 4.secretion & excretions |
| Biopsy (3) | 1. needle biopsy (using wide pored cutting needle) 2.incisional biopsy (surgical incision) 3. endoscopic biopsy (visually guided instruments) |
| cytology | examination of scattered cells |
| fluid cytology | e.g. pleural effusion |
| washing cytology | e.g. bronchial washing for lung cancer |
| fine needle cytology | e.g. aspiration of solid tissue as breast mass |
| exfoliative cytology | e.g. scraped or brushed cells from epithelial surfaces as bronchus or cervix |
| Blood (3) | 1. blood cells 2.plasma 3.serum |
| blood cells | e.g. qualitative or quantitative changes |
| plasma | e.g. coagulation disorders |
| serum | e.g. proteins, enzymes, biochemistry |
| serection & excretions | e.g. feces, urine, sputum |
| The major characteristics applied for study of diseases include: (8) | 1. definition 2.incidence:occurence 3. etiology (cause) a. infective agents b.chemical agents c.physical agents d.genetic abnormality 4. pathogenesis 5.clinical features (symptoms & signs) 6.pathological lesion 7.complications 8.prognosis |
| Pathognomonic abnormality | Any abnormality restricted to a single disease of diagnostic importance (e.g Hodgkin's desease) |
| Syndrome | Disease characterized by multiple findings. I.e combinations of lesions, signs, & symptoms (e.g. cushing's disease due to ACTH secreting pituitary tumors) |
| prognosis | forecast of the probable outcome of a disease |
| regarding etiology: primary | disease without evident cause ( e.g. essential hypertension) |
| regarding etiology: secondary | disease secondary to or complication of some underlying cause (e.g. hypertension secondary to renal artery stenosis) |
| regarding tumors: primary | initial site |
| regarding tumors: secondary | tumor cells that disseminate producing secondary lesions in distant sites |
| acute | rapid onset & short course |
| chronic | insidious "gradual" onset a prolonged course |
| subacute | between acute & chronic |
| benign | remain localized, rarely fatal |
| malignant | invade & spread from original site, commonly fatal |
| hyper- | above normal |
| hypo- | below normal |
| meta- | change from one state to another |
| suffix: -itis | inflammation |
| suffix: -oma | swelling, tumor |
| suffix: -oid | resembling |
| suffix: -plasia | disorder of growth |
| suffix: -osis | state, condition, process |
| suffix: -opathy | abnormality lacking specific characteristics |
| eponyms | diseases named after a person or a place (e.g. Hodgkin's disease) |
| iatrogenic disease | disease induced by health care providers words or actions (e.g. penicillin-allergy, asprin-gastric ulcer, radiation-fetal abnormalities, blood transfusion-AIDS, adjustment-fractures) |
Created by:
squinene
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