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the 60's
Mr. Neises US History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| main point of JFK's Inaugeral address | hope, committment, & sacrafice; stop communism abroad |
| "not what your country can do for you--but what you can do for your country" | JFK on service |
| "pay any price & bear any burden to uphold liberty" | JFK on communism |
| 2 weaknesses of JFK | young (only 43 ish); Roman Catholic (people worried about separating church & state) |
| how TV helped JFK | during a debate with Nixon, JFK appeared more well-spoken; used TV to get his message out; he was good on TV |
| how civil rights helped JFK | JFK called Mrs. King to express his sympathy while MLK Jr was in jail & helped get MLK Jr freed (won many African American votes) |
| 1960 election candidates | Richard Nixon vs. JFK |
| Camelot Years | when, during JFK's presidency, the white house was compared to a modern day King Arthur & his knights; positive nickname for the Kennedy years ("perfect years") |
| JFK's main advisor | his younger brother Robert Kennedy |
| "best and brightest" | JFK's cabinate/advisers |
| flexible response | a policy developped during JFK's presidency that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons; worked on more than nuclear war |
| Cuba's new leader (1960s) | Fidel Castro |
| danger of Fidel Castro | was communist & welcomed aid from the USSR (USSR had a foot in the western hemisphere) |
| Bay of Pigs | US (CIA) trained Cuban exiles for a counterrevolution but when they attacked on the Bay of Pigs nothing went right & it blew up in our faces (US looked bad; USSR looked good); a failed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro |
| What is the closest the world came to WWIII (nuclear war) | Cuban Missle Crisis |
| Cuban Missle Crisis | Cuba had missles, US threatened to invade; a treaty was made; Cuba got rid of missles-US didn't invade & got rid of missles in Turkey; discovered USSR has missles in Cuba & threatened to invade; we used a naval blockade to surround Cuba & USSR backed down |
| outcome of the Berlin Crisis | Berlin Wall was built |
| Berlin Wall | east=communist; west=democratic; to keep people from leaving to go to west Berlin |
| hot line | a communication line (telephone) used to connect leaders of the USA & USSR in times of crisis (Moscow & Washingtom D.C. telephone connection) |
| limited test ban treaty | barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere |
| what was the turning point of the 1960 elections | the televised debate on domestic affairs |
| new frontier | the name given to JFK's program |
| Werner Von Braun | German scientist who helped with USA missle program |
| John GLenn | 1st American to orbit the earth |
| how did the close election in 1960 hurt Kennedy | he lacked a popular mandate (a clear indication that voters approve his plans) so he couldn't get much done |
| how did Kennedy try to improve the economy | increased spending, minimum wage increased, expanded arm services, increased un employment services & tax cuts |
| how did Kennedy try to improve foreign relations | peace corps & alliance for progress |
| peace corps | a program of volunteers (usually young people) assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, & Latin America; foreign aid program |
| alliance for progress | foreign aid program; offered economic & technical assistance to Latin American countries |
| how did Kennedy try to improve science & technology | US put a satelight in space; NASA begins; space program begins; satelights for TV begins |
| NASA | national aeronautics & space administration |
| Other America | by Michael Harrington |
| what book brought the problem of poverty in America to light | Other America |
| Yuri Gagrin | USSR cosmonaut; 1st human in space; made JFK want US to be the 1st to land a man on the moon |
| Alan Shepard | 1st American in space |
| Lee Harvey Oswald | shot & killed JFK |
| Jack Ruby | killed Oswald before he could testify in court |
| Warren Commission | investigated & concluded that Oswald shot the president while acting alone/on his own (no conspiricy with JFK's death) |
| Zapruder Film | a film showing the murder of JFK; a film shot by Arthur Zapruder (an average filmer) |
| going to the mood is good | 1st step in an era of exploration; scientific & technological advances; quenching the thirst for knowledge; peace on earth through uniting in space may be possible; cooperation; working on big projects together |
| going to the moon is bad | costs so much; lose mysterious qualities of the moon; competitive (may cause war); less to imagine, more concrete information; can be dangerous; military technology; other priorities |
| Great Society | Johnson's social program |
| jobs corps | a federal program that trained young people from poor backgrounds; a job training program |
| vista | volunteers in Service to America; "domestic peace corps"; younge people who were sent to inner cities to do service work |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | outlawed discrimination in public accommadations, housing, & jobs; increased federal power to prosecute civil rights abuses; outlawed discrimination (for anything: sex, color, etc) |
| head start | an education program for poor preschool students |
| medicare | provided hospital insurance & low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 & older; low cost hospital care for poor people |
| medicaid | extended health insurance to welfare recipients; low cost hospital insurance for old & poorer people |
| Immigration Act of 1965 | opened the door for non-European immigrants to settle in the USA by ending quotas based on nationality |
| after JFK was murdered who became president? | LBJ (Johnson) |
| 1964 election candidates | Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater |
| who won the 1964 election | LBJ because people were afraid Goldwater was going to drop an Atomic bomb; LBJ was seen as the peace candidate |
| who founded the modern conservitists | Barry Goldwater |
| what does LBJ think is the correct use of power | to correct injustice |
| LBJ's methods of convincing people | shame, size, scareing them, manipulating them |
| author's main complaint about LBJ | was too much; he didn't have enough confidence to moderate his methods of convincing people; worried about polls; tried too hard (over reached) |
| LBJ's commercial to get elected was | the Daisy Commercial |
| The Daisy Commercial | scared people into voting for LBJ |
| people were surprised LBJ got elected to a 2nd term because | he was an accidental president |
| Great Society good | government programs to help people |
| Great Society bad | too expensive |
| impact of federal power with LBJ | increased size & power |
| impact of Vietnam | ruined LBJ's presidency; fear of communism; took away money & attention from the Great Society |
| hawk | a supporter of Vietnam |
| Warren Court | was very liberal (believed in more free speech (ex. porn is legal), less religious influence (banned school prayer), and more rights to the accused) |
| Mapp vs. Ohio | evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court |
| Gideon vs. Wainwright | courts had to pay for a lawyer if someone could not afford one |
| Miranda vs. Arizona | all suspects must be read their rights before they are questioned |
| Freedom Riders | wanted to end segregation on buses; hoped to provoke a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the law (by riding the bus) |
| tactic of the Freedom Riders | riding the bus to provoke violence |
| James Meredith | air force veteran (black) who won a case that let him enroll in the all white UM(Ole Miss) |
| most segregated city in America | Birmingham, AL |
| message of Dr. King's letter from jail | asking for help from white religious leaders who felt he was pushing too fast; wants change now; wanted help from whites |
| Bull Connor | a police commicioner in Birmington |
| Bull Connor's tactics | high pressure water hoses; set dogs to attack; clubbed people; threw people in jail |
| impact of TV on Bull Connor | millions of people heard the children screaming (helped civil rights movement) |
| events that helped the 1964 Civil Rights Act pass | march on Washington D.C.; MLK Jr speech; JFK's death & LBJ wanting to continue his work; 4 young Birmingham girls killed when a bomb was thrown in the church window; 2 more African Americans died after the church incident |
| Freedom Summer | register blacks to vote |
| how did the south react to freedom summer | violence |
| political dilemma President Johnson faced in 1964 | being pulled to extremes (favor black or white vote?): whether or not to stand up for MFDP (formed for blacks to regain rights but LBJ feared losing southern white votes) |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | eliminated literacy tests and could enroll voters who have been denied sufferage by local officials |
| de facto segregation | prejudice and segregation that exists by practice and custom (hard to solve) |
| de jure segregation | segregation by law |
| reasons for the urban violence of 1964-67 | dissatisfaction with the war; police violence; lack of opportunity in jobs, housing, etc |
| Malcolm X's view of whites | originally didn't like them (all black separate society) then learned to like them |
| Malcolm X | called for armed self defense (violence if necessary) was assassinated because he changed his direction toward whites after a pilgrimage to Mecca (racially equal) |
| leader of Black Power | Stokely Carmichael |
| Black Power | a call for black people to begin to define their own goals and to lead their own organizations |
| MLK Jr's view of Black Power | didn't like it; he objected because they wanted to use violence and not peace |
| Huey Newton and Bobby Seale | formed the Black Panthers |
| Black Panthers | a political group that wanted to fight police brutality in the ghetto; a radical black power group |
| who killed MLK Jr. | James Earl Ray |
| impact of MLK Jr's death | riots brokeout in over 100 cities |
| who killed RFK | Sirhan Sirhan |
| why was RFK assassinated | because he supported Israel |
| Kerner Commission finding | found (for LBJ) that white racism was the prominant cause ("moving towards one white and one black separate nation) |
| 3 major gains of Civil Rights Movement | legal protection for all Americans (laws were passed); no more school and housing segregation; better jobs and business opportunities; African education improved |
| Shirley Chisholm | elected to the House of Representatives (1st female black) |
| Affirmative Action | making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have struggled with discrimination |
| criticism of Affirmation Action | "reverse discrimination" that set minority hiring as a high priority and deprived whites of opportunities |
| why did Ike, Kennedy, Johnson, & Nixon go to Vietnam | defend against communism |
| Indo-China nations | Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam |
| why the US backed France in Indo-China | strengthen our ties with France and help fight the spread of communism |
| Ho Chi Minh | a vietnamese revolutionary leader stationed in China; communist; led movement for an independent Vietnam |
| Ho Chi Minh Trail | a network of paths along the border of Indo-China |
| Vietminh | an organization whose goal it was to win VIetnam's independence from foreign rule; group of communists |
| Viet Cong | communist opposition group in the south that began attacks on the Diem government; gurilla fighters |
| Domino Theory | countries on the brink of communism, if one falls they all will |
| Dien Bien Phu | French outpost; where French surrendered; ended French-Vietnam War |
| Geneva Accords | peace conference |
| 3 main points of Geneva Accords | Vietnam is devided on the 17th parallel; communist=north, anti-communist=south; an election to unify Vietnam (US view=not support it because we knew communism would have won) |
| US view of the Geneva Accords | we didn't do enough to stop communism in the agreement |
| Ngo Dinh Diem was unpopular why | corrupt government; restricted Buddhist practices because he was Catholic |
| why JFK backed Ngo Dinh Diem | he was anti-communist |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | 1st president of South Vietnam; Catholic |
| LBJ-escalation | to increase involvement |
| Tonkin Gulf | after Diem the US was lowing the war (south was losing); August 2, 1964: US attacked; 2 days later we had equiptment failure; the attacks caused Congress to pass the Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
| why did LBJ feel he had to be tough on communism | US would be seen as weak otherwise & so would Johnson & he would lose votes |
| Tonkin Gulf Resolution | gave president the power to do whatever he wanted in SE Asia; Johnson already had it written and was waiting for an opportunity |
| Tonkin | we had our ships spying in Vietnam |
| 3 lies | no 2nd attack, they were in the 12 mi line, and our ships were spying |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | the 1st sustained bombing of North Vietnam; US now in war since Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
| credibility gap | American people not believeing what the government tells us |
| did we get involved quickly or slowly in Vietnam | slowly: advisers, ground soldiers, brief bombings, and sustained bombings |
| 2 main points of Unique War | danger of communism; support and protect the people ("hearts and minds") |
| why Vietnam was unique | the objective was to win the hearts and minds of the people (the role of the people); the enemy was everywhere & hard to find; no traditional battle lines |
| who was predicted to win the Vietnam War | the side that has the support of the Vietname people |
| Arvn | Army of the Republic Vietnam; South Vietnam Army; not able to stand on their own |
| lies told by Arvn | exagerated body count; false battle reports; South was fighting to protect Diem not extinguish communism; USA was told they were winning when in fact they were losing |
| view USA people had of Vietnam in 1965 | supportive (61% for the war) |
| Robert McNamara | secretary of defense for Johnson; the big planner |
| William Westmoreland | American general in South Vietnam |
| viet cong tactics | traps, landmines, ambuses, hit & runs, and tunnels |
| war of attrition | gradual wearing down of the enemy by continuous harassment; wearing down by trading lives for life (depended on body counts which were horribly exagerated) |
| "hearts and minds" | our goal; we had to win the people |
| Napalm | a gasoline-based bomb that set fire to the jungle; very contriversal |
| Agent Orange | a leaf-killing toxic chemical; a poison; post-war was found to cause cancer |
| Search and Destroy | USA's main tactic; uprooting civilians with suspected ties to the V.C., killing their livestock, & burning villages; move people out & look for the enemy; success measured by body count (unaccurate) |
| how USA morale changed as time passed | decreased |
| number of missions flown during the war | 3 million |
| list 2 major goals of USA air war | both failed/not achieved:reduce American casulaties in Vietnam and to bring peace talks in 6 months (shows we thought the war would be fast and easy) |
| 6 types of US bombing targets | power facilities, war support facilities, transportation lines (ex. bridges), military complexes, fuel storage areas, and air defense instalations |
| SAM | surface-to-air missles; very effective; anti-plane missles |
| Jolly Green Giants | rescue helicopters; rescued air pilots who were shot down in North Vietnam |
| Whispering Death | bombs falling without warning from B-52's |
| "Using B-52's were like using a sledge hammer to kill flies" explain | costly & inefficient use of weapon; B-52's could kill one single person instead of thirty |
| firepower | power to inflict max casualties |
| Daisy Cutter | huge bomb dropped in Jungle; bomb used to flatten the forest; used to create fire bases; cleared areas for helicoper landings |
| Bouncing Betty | most feared bomb; hit the lower 1/2 of the body; enemy mine |
| point duty | person who leads patrol; looks and smells for mines; most dangerous |
| costs of firepower | expensive; 1968-$10 billion not paid for; hard to coordinate; reduced our defense spending in other areas (NATO) |
| BAttle: Ia Drang Valley | 1st time US army met the North Vietnamses army; marked the beginning of a larger war |
| air cavalry | helicopter mobility; bringing US troops with helicoptor |
| why was Ia Drang Valley a good place to test air cavalry | lacked any major roads & jungle paths; difficult terrain to patrol normally |
| aerial reconnaissance by fire | designed to fix enemy units by drawing fire; small plane would circle the battle zone until the enemy fired |
| what old VC ambush trick was used by Troop C of the 1st Squad 9th Cavalry | established nighttime ambushes (3) on the south bank of the Ia Drang; let the 1st ship pass & attack the 2nd (shows US troops did adapt) |
| how was the battle for LZ X-Ray won | rifle companies came & helicopters (by massive US firepower); the troops were told to open fire at the trees & bushes so they did & the enemy thought the US knew where they were hiding so the VC ran |
| what did the US learn from the Ia Drang Valley battle | took better care of our weapons; we needed to care for our radios; we needed pontios to be quiet (nylon) |
| what did the vc learn from the Ia Drang Valley battle | could minimize deaths by fighting eye-to-eye; close in fighting neuturalized artilery; don't shoot at scout planes |
| music of the 60's | the Vietnam War had a huge impact on American culture |
| economic impact of the war | cost of living increased (inflation); taxes increased; less money available for Great Society |
| 1st TV war explaination | combat footage in news (uncensored); growing doubts; showed Americans dying; contridicted optimism of government |
| how draft was avoided | be female, medical reasons (some searched out sympathetic doctors), be over 26, changed residencies to a more lienient draft board, join National Guard or Coast Guard (didn't go to Vietnam), receive a college deferment |
| draft | selective service system |
| why is Vietnam called a "working class" war | most soldiers came from lower class whites & minorities; 80% from lower economic levels |
| king's view of the war | too many blacks were dying; cruel irony: blacks were dying for a country that treats them as 2nd class citizens |
| New left | a youth-dominated political movement; embodied in SDS & Free Speech Movement; located in colleges (student led); wanted changes |
| SDS | students for a democratic society charged that corporations & large government institutions had taken over America (didn't like govn't & business having influence on colleges);called 4 a restoration of "participatory democracy & greater individual freedom |
| Free Speech Movement | free speech on campuses (grew out of clash between students & administrators); criticised the American "machine" (nation's faceless & powerful business & gov't institutions); started by students at UC Berkely |
| reaspons students opposed the war | they were the ones being drafted; they believed the conflict was a civil war & the US had no business there; the oppressive Arvn gov't wasn't better than communism; war is morally unjust; draining USA's strength elsewhere |
| Hawks | felt strongly that America should unleash much of its greater military force to win the war; in favor of war |
| doves | strongly opposed the war & believed the US should withdraw; against war |
| polls 1967 | 70% of Americans believed the war protests were acts of disloyalty; majority was for the war |
| peace movement | pacifists, civil rights, young people, & communists |
| international view of the war | negative to USA (US was wrong); David vs. Goliath |
| Nervous Nellies | what Johnson called politicians that were opposed to war |
| why Muhammad Ali resisted the draft? | boxer-resisted-religious reasons-denied-sent to jail |
| action taken by Life Magazine | a picture of a weeks dead (USA) 250-300 per week; start of press against the war; brought war home |
| describe the 1968 democratic convention | very violent/police brutality |
| Nixon's goal | peace with honor |
| why the bombing of Cambodia was kept secret | reduce protests |
| what was the public reaction to bombing Cambodia when it was revealed? | unpopular because it made the war bigger |
| Kent State | 4 students (on campus) by National Guard (Ohio) |
| Pentagon Papers | leaked to Press & showed USA government lied during the start of the war; held secrets |
| action of Jane Fonda | daughter of Henry Fonda (actor); "Henoid Jani"; went to Vietnam; criticised USA |
| why did Nixon want a peace agreement before 11/72 | before election (wanted votes |
| Rubin's prediction | anti-war protestors would be heros by the year 2000 |
| Tet | Chinese New Year |
| Tet Offensive | a massive surprise attack by the VC on South Vietnamese towns & cities (the largest attack ni the war) |
| political impact of Tet Offensive | Johnson's popularity fell; psychological victory for VC because it showed USA was lying; took awhile to regain Vietnam cities again (turned public opinion against the war) |
| military impact of Tet Offensive | a military victory for USA; VC was pretty much whipped out |
| Clark Clifford | replaced Robert McNamara; defense secretary |
| Clark Clifford's view of the war | supported the war but changed his mind once he arrived in office; thought it was unwinable & we should get out |
| describe democratic convention | very violent & bloddy |
| impact of democratic convention | helped Nixon win the election |
| candidates of 1968 election | Robert Kennedy (until he died), Eugene McCarthy, Hubert Humphrey (democrat), and Nixon (republican) |
| who won the 1968 election | Nixon (republicans) |
| issues of the 1968 election | violence (law & order)(who can enforce the law), and the war |
| Khe Sanh | a USA marine base in Vietnam; attacked during tet offensive but was only a diversion; we thought it was the target (another Diem Bien Phu) |
| Westmoreland described in press reports | overly cynical, doom/gloom, negative, and turning USA people away from the war |
| psycholocial tet | victory & moral booster for the communists |
| Operation Niagre | code name for all the bombing that saved Khe Sanh |
| Atrocity | something very very bad/terrible |
| My Lai | a series of villages in Vietnam where US killed 200-300 old men, women, and children; the worst US military atrocity ever |
| why was My Lai so troubling | the people who attacked were normal, everyday men who lived decent daily lives |
| possible explanations for My Lai | anger, frusteration, fear, orders, considered the people VC or helping the VC, revenge, misunderstanding, confusing, & poor leadership |
| free-fire zones | an area that is designated for soldiers to shoot any and everything that moves in it |
| how My Lai was kept quiet/covered up | told soldiers not to complain & they'd back them up if there was an investigation; soldiers were told to say nothing |
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