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APES Test 5
Global Water Resources and Use
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| unique properties of water | hydrogen bonds hold molecules to each other, temperature changes slowly due to high specific heat capacity, high boiling point, lot of energy to evaporate, dissolves many compounds, filters out UV radiation, adheres to solid surfaces, expands when freezes |
| this is a geologic formation that contains water in quantities sufficient to support a well or spring | aquifer |
| this type of aquifer has the water table as their upper boundary | confined aquifers |
| this type of aquifer are shallowest and does not have a confining layer between it and the surface, they receive recharge water directly from the surface or precipitation | unconfined aquifers |
| this refers to groundwater accumulating above an area of low permeability such as clay | perched |
| this is directly below the surface and contains some water, water and air fills the void between soil and rock particles | unsaturated zone |
| this is where the subsurface is conpletly saturated with water and is deeper in the ground | zone of saturation |
| this is the point where the zone of aeration and zone of saturation meet | water table |
| The northern hemisphere is dominated by __________and the southern hemisphere is dominated by ________ | land; oceans |
| this is driven by wind patterns that result from the flow of high thermal energy generated at the tropics to low-energy sources in polar areas | surface ocean currents |
| deep-water, density-driven currents are controlled primarily by differences in.... | temperature and salt content |
| possible reasons for dramatic increases in ocean temperatures include | slowing of the ocean circulation that transports warm water to North Atlantic, large reductions in greenland and west antarctic ice sheets, accelerated global warming, decreases in upwelling, and releases of carbon from permafrost regions and methane |
| these occur when prevailing winds produced through the Coriolis effect push warmer, nutrient poor surface waters away from the coastline | upwellings |
| this is a natural process by which wind causes movement of water near the ocean surface | Ekman transport spiral |
| About 70% of freshwater is used for what? | agriculture |
| advantage of drip irrigation | increased efficiency, less energy required, lower demand on aquifers, crop yields increase, tubing systems can be adapted, correct amounts of water reach plants |
| layers of porous rock, sand and gravel where water is trapped above a nonporous layer or bedrock | aquifers |
| the surface area in which water infiltrates into the aquifer | recharge zone |
| these occur where the water breaks through to the surface | artesian wells |
| this is the term for when the land sinks | subsidence |
| this occurs when large amounts of ground water have been withdrawn from certain types of rocks, the rock compacts because the water is partly responsible for holding the ground up | land subsidence |
| freshwater shortages can be due to... | natural weather patterns that reduce rainfall, rivers changing course, flooding contaminates existing supplies, competition for available water, overgrazing and the resulting erosion, pollution of supplies, and competing interests |
| rising sea levels is due to two major factors | thermal expansion and melting of ice caps and glaciers |
| factors that contribute to rising sea levels | land buildup or erosion of mountains, plate tectonics effects, sedimentation, groundwater and oil extraction, changes in ocean currents and tides, distribution change in water cycle |
| what are the most impacted areas affected by rising sea levels? | wetlands |
| what are other impacts of rising sea levels? | erosion of beaches and bluffs, salt intrusion into aquifers and surface waters, inundation of seawater into low-lying areas, and increased flooding and storm damage |
| Name methods to increase supplies of freshwater | changes in personal habits, construct dams, desalinate water, drip irrigation, education, systems to collect runoff, meter all water used, plant crops require less water, line irrigation channels, seed clouds, use of icebergs, or use more groundwater |
| cons of constructing dams and reservoirs | interferes with fish migration and destroys natural rivers, leakages, earthquakes, evaporation, sediment buildup, and displacement of people are other consequences |
| cons of desalinating water | rate of production is low and is expensive |
| cons of drip irrigation | expensive so small, independant farmers cannot use it; not suitable for annual crops either |
| cons of systems to collect runoff | water may be high in pollutants and expensive to reprocess |
| cons of planting crops that require less water | issues of market economies, crop prices and demand, and weather patterns |
| this reduces urban runoff | xeriscaping |
| cons of using icebergs | expensive and most if it would be lost before it reached the destination |
| cons of using more groundwater | if rate of use exceeds rate of recharge, then subsidence, sinkholes, and saltwater intrusion could occur |
| What happened in the Aswan High Dam in Egypt? | the elimination of nutrients required fertilizers, depletion of nutrients caused decline in certain fish catches, and standing water caused the proliferation of snails and a disease |
| What is the Ogallala Aquifer? | it underlies eight states and is used to hold more freshwater than all freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers on Earth; however currently they are experiecing water shortages due to overpumping of these areas |
| What happened in the Colorado River Basin? | diversion of water from teh Colorado river caused millions of acres of once-valuable farmland to now be useless due to salt buildup in soil, in process known as salinization |
| What happened in James Bay, Canada? | diversion of rivers in Hudson Bay to generate electrical power resulted in massive flooding and mercury leached out of rocks and into water, with nearby residents showing symptoms of mercury poisoning. |
Created by:
kp1793
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