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Romanticism & reform
review for maddox romanticism & reform test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| -literary, philosophical, artistic movement -revolt against excess reason -“heart over head”/ inner light | Romantic Era |
| “godfather of romanticism” | Rousseau |
| Shifted ground of knowledge from reason -external world shifts to personal conception of thought -writes critique of pure reason | Immanuel Kant |
| Written by Immanuel Kant | Critique of Pure Reason |
| -german writer -goes back to fundamental beginning of our experience | Goethe |
| 3 examples of European romantics | Beethoven, Coleridge, Wordsworth |
| -represents youthful confidence of America as a nation -determination for intellectual independence -want American literature that emphasizes American ideals | American Romantic Movement |
| Areas impacted by romantic movement | -religion -social organization -development of individualism -politics -spawns reform movement |
| -wrote The American Dictionary in 1828 -language key to the future greatness for America | -Noah Webster |
| Why didn’t printers publish American works at first? | -didn’t want to take a chance on new stuff when they could easily sell british authors |
| -first American author to have a reputation -wrote “Rip Van Winkle” and “Legends of Sleepy Hollow” | Washington Irving |
| -wrote romantic tales at sea & frontier -wrote “the pioneers”, “last of the Mohicans”, and “the deer slayer” -bold/ daring romantic novels | James Fenimore Cooper |
| -caught up in puritan/ new England past -wrote The Scarlett letter and House of Seven Gables -themes of evil that men do & how it lives on after them; people overwhelmed w/ their own past | Nathaniel Hawthorne |
| -had apprenticed as sailor- most of his works are about the sea -“Moby Dick” and “Billy Budd” -wrestles w/ evil- tragedy (greek) vs. good over evil (Christian) | Herman Melville |
| -poetry and short stories -beyond time -on the edge of his sanity -“romance of mystery, terror, and yearning” -wrote “house of Usher”, “the Raven”, Annabel Lee” | Edgar Allen Poe |
| Many _________were written, especially about GW | biographies |
| -represent N/S split -“desire to transcend, to rise above and not conform to society…” carson | Transcendentalists |
| “to be themselves, to speak their own thoughts, to consult their own inward beings for the truth and to speak it directly and bluntly” (carson) -let go of past –pro-thinkers -individualists -unlimited commitment to freedom Believers in an “ideal Amer | Goal of transcendentalists |
| “The American Scholar” -“his ideals reflected an expanding America” -poet, philosopher, essayist “what is man born for but to be a reformer?” | Ralph Waldo Emerson |
| -“condemning a gov’t that supported slavery, he refused to pay Mass poll tax and was jailed” -wrote “walden”, “on civil disobedience” | Henry David Thoreau |
| -“leaves of Grass” -“poet laureate of Democracy” -transcendentalist answer to poetry | Walt Whitman |
| -female transcendentalist -Brook farm -ardent feminist | Margaret Fuller |
| -wrote “paul revere’s ride” -american subject! | Longfellow |
| -quaker poet -strong abolitionist -fireside poet | Whittier |
| -“the biglow papers”, “the pioneer”, “The Atlantic Monthly” -romantic poet -fireside poet | James Russell Lowell |
| -wrote “old iron sides” -fireside poet | Oliver Wendell Holmes |
| -Wrote “little women” -daughter of a transcendentalist | Louisa May Alcott |
| -poet -wrote “because I could not stop for death” | Emily Dickenson |
| Southern Literature | -rooted in their past -man not fulfilled in transc. future, but in family, community, and patterned society -south as a separate region emerges -more emphasis on states than equality of men -reflects “southern attitudes- defensiveness- defend slavery |
| -wrote romantic novels of colonial era south -Grey Rivers, The Yemasee -loved sir walter scott | William Gilmore Simms |
| -wrote “history of th United States” -father of American history -founded naval academy | George Bancroft |
| -landscape painters, inspired by native land -beauty of Hudson river valley and Catskills on canvas | Hudson River School |
| -drawing/ studying American birds | John James Audubon |
| -architecture -classic styole of ancient greek temples -emphasizes democratic spirit -2nd Bank of US -US capitol | “Greek Revival” |
| -paints boatmen on Mississippi River, frontiersmen, politicians, local political scenes -“stump scenes” | -George Caleb Bingham |
| -paints portraits of American figures | John Singleton Copley |
| -1840’s architecture -NYC- trinity church, st. patrick’s cathedral DC- Smithsonian | Gothic Style |
| -president of yale -encouraged a generation of evangelism -movement away from rigid puritanism | Timothy Dwight |
| -many new branches of Christianity- disciples of Christ, Methodists, Baptists -send missionaries- effective in west -goal to convert “unchurched” and part of society -few churches in the west until preachers arrived | 2nd Great Awakening |
| -presbytarian minister who led revival in NY -worked in “burned-over district” -said people should take control of their own lives (individualism) -appealing to middle class- especially women | Charles Grandison Finney |
| -new source of power -women had moral responsibility | Oneida County female Missionary Society |
| -founded by Joseph smith in 1830 -based on book of Mormon- traced connection between native Americans and lost tribes of Israel -resentment from neighbors -practiced polygamy- northerners disliked -openly drilled militia -mob killed smith | Mormons |
| 2nd Mormon settlement | Nauvoo, MO |
| Founded Mormons -killed by a mob | Joseph Smith |
| Led Mormons to Salt lake city so others wouldn’t bother them | Brigham Young |
| -belived the world was going to end because of messed up society -miller= prophet believing in the end of the world -told people Christ was going to come on a certain day- doesn’t come group falls apart | Millennialism |
| -live separate from society -secular or church -communitarian | Utopian Backwoods Communities |
| -utopian community founded by George Ripley -goal to achieve a more natural connection between manual labor and intellect | Brook Farm |
| Founded Brook Farm | George Ripley |
| Founded Shakers -said Christ would come again (as her) | Ann Lee |
| -founded by Ann lee -kept men and women separate -simplistic -invented cribs -celebate- don’t need kids b/c Christ was coming -crazy dances Peak @ 1840- die afterwards b/c no kids and few converts | Shakers |
| -founded by John Humphrey Noyes -out of Oneida NY -tried for economic and social equality- tried to remove separation of classes -shared property -complex marriage --prosperous because they made silverware -tried to breed for certain traits | Oneida Community |
| -founded Oneida Community | John Humphrey Noyes |
| -founded by Robert owen -owenism -faild b/c of arguing | New Harmony (Indiana) |
| Founded New Harmony | Robert Owen |
| -industrial revolution could be good w/ removal of competition and if we educated everyone -enlightened state of society -like society today- everyone is educated | Owenism |
| -wanted to end competition in society -shared work and living environment -forced equality Founded by Charles Fourier -americans too individualistic to let this succeed | Fourier Phalanxes |
| Founded Fourier Phalanxes | -Charles Fourier |
| Reform Movements | -reform seeded in romanticism- man kind is perfectable -goal of man is to reform -over a wide variety of issues -if reform is backed by gov’t (laws) -> successful -reforming institutions (prisons, schools, asylums, etc.) |
| -tries to get better conditions for mentally ill -goes to legislature to get an asylum -pushes that mental illness is a disease, not a moral defect -spreads to other states | Dorothea Dix |
| -solitary confinement so they can think about crimes -dropped b/c of high suicide rate | Philadelphia system |
| -said structure and discipline would have moral improvement -prisoners worked in silence -corpral punishment -strict rules & religious stuff | Auburn System |
| -opens first school for the blind | Samuel Gridley Howe |
| -opens first school for the deaf | Thomas Gallaudet |
| Education reform | -if everybody votes should educate all -most public schools in New England (less farming) -push for rfree education for all -would be a unifying force in diverse nation -teaching middle class values of hard work |
| -pushes fo increased teacher training and mandatory attendance | Horace Mann |
| Elementary reader that also taught values | McGuffy Reader |
| Religious schools | Parochial system |
| Why was the south suspicious of reform? | -didn’t want slave reform |
| Founded first school for free blacks | -John Melvin |
| First African American to graduate from college | Alexander Twilight |
| First integrated, coed university | Oberlin |
| 1841- first 3 women graduate from college from____ | oberlin |
| First African American woman to graduate from college | -Mary Jane Patterson |
| First all women’s college | Mt. Holyoke |
| Improvements in science and medicine | |
| First secretary of the Smithsonian | Joseph Henry |
| -first used anesthetic | Nitrous oxide |
| First daily newspaper | New York Sun |
| Created new York herald and tribune (weekly and daily) | Horace Greely |
| Telegraphs allowed this group to communicate -connects the nation -lets news spread quickly | Associated Press |
| -idealized view of women as the moral leaders in the house -form “benevolence societies” –i.e. Oneida female missionary society -women push abolition | “cult of domesticity” |
| ____reduces the economic value of kids | Industrialism -harder to find work for young kids |
| Women’s Movement | -begin organizing and producing |
| -write “Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women” -Abolition leaders | Sarah and Angelina Grimke |
| -women’s rights leader -philly quaker | Lucretia Motte |
| -founder of women’s rights movement -from NY, larger polititian -distrusted relition -helped write declaration of Rights and Sentaments | Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| -July 1848 -women’s right’s convention -organized by L.Mott, and EC Stanton | Senaca Falls Convention of 1848 |
| -highlight women’s grievances against men -want equal property and voting rights- don’t get them because efforts were diluted b/c of abolitionis movement- decide to focus on abolition | Declaration of Rights and Sentaments |
| Temperance Movement | -high rate of alcoholism in 1820s -believed alcohol= cause of social bads -temperence groups formed -overshadowed by abolitionism |
| -moral focus -first temperance society- 1826 -wanted abstinence | American Temperance Society |
| “separate spheres” | -women and men in “separate spheres” -women must keep to household and “spiritual values of fireside” -men could do as they pleased, not limited in moneymaking |
| -battled prostitution, raised awareness about sexual abuse | American Female Reform Society |
| -early 1800s -conservative -raised money for missionaries in west | -American Bible Society -Home Missionary Society |
| -consisted of reformed drinkers -differed from previous groups b/c not moral/ legal leaders | Washatonians (Washington Temperance Society) |
| First/ only state to ban alcohol | Maine |
| -Philly physician -wrote “An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous liqueurs on the Human Body and Mind” -warns against drinking w/ scientific backup -denied myths -said even moderate drinking was bad | Benjamin Rush |
| Reverend from Long Island -believed alcohol was big threat -formed “Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals”- distributed pamphlets -recommended abstinence | Lynman Beecher |
| -as fire chief allowed liqueur to burn -believed state prohibition was the only answer -1851- passes “Maine Law of 1851” -A.K.A. “the Napoleon of Temperance | Neal Dow |
| -first general prohibition Law -Dow as Portland mayor tries to enforce -still lots of Illegal Alcohol | Maine’s Law of 1851 |
| -women stood outside taverns and saloons until they’d close -didn’t work well | “Women’s Crusade” |
| -formed 1874 -lots of pamphlets -reached all levels of society | Women’s Christian Temperance Union |
| -went to college! -made WCTU largest, best organized, most powerful temperance group | Frances Willard |
| Slavery | 1793- cotton gin makes slavery profitable- slavery grows -south = land and slaves, north= manufacturing and infastructure |
| __% of britains textiles were made from southern cotton | 75% |
| Why does the south think Britain will support them in war? | -britain has economic interest in cotton |
| Planters | -aristocracy -lots of slave and land -dominate local and state politics |
| Yeoman Farmers | -source of most stuff -worked with slaves |
| Poor Whites | -sustenance farming -wanted slaves -“white trash”- were only above slaves b/c they believed themselves to be racially superior |
| Mountain People | Scotch/ irish -frontiersmen -hated planters -supported Lincoln, not confederacy |
| Important southern cities | -Chattanooga- railroads -Charleston -NOLA -Atlanta -Richmond |
| __% of slaves in sout lived on farms, not plantations | 50% |
| slavery | “peculiar institution” |
| -argues southern slaves are treated better than Nothern factory workers | William Nancy |
| -argues that slavery is biblical | George Fithian |
| -master morally responsible to family and slaves -made it look mutual to justify slavery | paternalism |
| Why did slave conditions likely improve after 1808? | Once the slave trade closed, plantation owners needed to take care of their slaves so they could reproduce |
| How did the slave population increase | -mostly by natural reproduction |
| Plantation slaves | -in a group -had religion -ate better than white trash -had to deal with overseer |
| Small farms | -likely had better conditions |
| “Sambo” | -lazy, subservient slave -“uncle Tom” |
| “Buck” | -aggressive, dangerous slave |
| Slave rebellions | -whites lived in feare because when rebellions happened they were bad |
| -Christian -planned to take Richmond but was betrayed | Gabriel Prosser |
| -came from upperclass of slaves- skilled -given more independence -purchased freedom -inspired by old testament -1821- organized revolt, had lieutenants and cell leaders in most SC plantations -betrayed, but scared whites b/c of organization | Denmark Vesey |
| Vesey’s military mind | Hoyez |
| -educated, from upperclass of slaves -religious visions- Christianity and tribal blend -excecuted family members at night w/ a hatchet- went on a rampage w/ other slaves -really scared slave owners -killed lots of women and children | Nat Turner |
| -Amistad (ship) smuggling slaves- slaves killed shipsmen -slaves brought to NY and tried- found innocent/ justified in killings- saw it as them fighting for freedom | Amistad Incident |
| Free Blacks | 1860- 250,000 in south -limited by racism and prejudice -always in danger of being kidnapped -didn’t bother going north b/c wanted family and were in a familiar place |
| Abolitionism Movement | -some wanted gradual removal of slavery -some wanted immediate removal -2nd great awakening pushes abolitionism to more radical end |
| -wanted to return Africans to Africa- create colony (Liberia) -12,000 moved back-didn’t want to go, were Afro-Amer. -expensive | American Colonization ociety |
| -political party created for abolitionism -run James Binny -political approach | Liberty Party |
| -founded by William Lloyd Garrison -wanted freedom right away w/ no compensation for slaves -so radical it splites the movement-hurts the cause | American Anti-Slavery Society |
| -creates American Anti-Slavery Society -publishes the “liberator” -burned the constitution | William Lloyd Garrison |
| -Published by William Lloyd Garrison -abolitionist newspaper -influenced north and northwest | “The Liberator” |
| -literate -publishes “North Star” -turns around stereotype of free slaves -big abolitionist | Frederick Douglass |
| -leading voice in abolition -charismatic speaker | Sojourner Truth |
| Violent Abolitionists | -David Wallace -H. Highland Garett -want violent slave uprisings |
| Why does the abolition movement develop at this time? | -2nd reawakening- brings up slavery -transportation revolution- idea movement |
| What is the South’s reation to the abolition movement | -blame W.L. Garrison for slave rebellions -form better militia and get night guards -laws to prevent abolitionism |
| In house, prevented discution of any anti-slavery petition/ idea -JQA angry- gets elected and defeats it | Gag Rule |
| Who are the northern political leaders that emerge from this? | -Theodor Wells -Harriet Beecher Stowe |
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