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CYRANCHUSH
2011 TAKS Review-CYRANCH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| THOMAS JEFFERSON | WROTE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE |
| GEORGE WASHINGTON | COMMANDER OF CONTINENTAL ARMY;1ST PRESIDENT |
| COLONIAL GRIEVANCES IN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE | QUARTERING SOLDIERS, NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION |
| AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1776) | no taxation without representation; began when Declaration of Independence was signed; colonists first tried to solve problems |
| MAGNA CARTA | LIMITED GOVERNMENT |
| MAYFLOWER COMPACT | SELF GOVERNMENT |
| FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT | FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION |
| ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS | TRIAL BY JURY; NO CRUEL/UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT;BEAR ARMS; NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION |
| DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776) | BEGAN AMERICAN REVOLUTION; UNALIENABLE RIGHTS AND POPULAR SOVERIENGHTY |
| ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION | ESTABLISHED REPUBLIC; PROBLEMS=WEAK CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, NO MONEY, BOUNDARY DISPUTES, QUARRELING WITH STATES, NO RESPECT FROM OTHER NATIONS |
| US CONSTITUTION (1787) | James Madison; 2nd form of government; strong federal government; Bill of Rights to protect individual citizens |
| LIMITED GOVERNMENT | GOVERNMENT IS NOT ALL POWERFUL/GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS NOT ABOVE THE LAW |
| REPUBLICANISM | ELECT REPRESENTATIVES TO MAKE DECISIONS |
| CHECKS AND BALANCES | PREVENTS ANY BRANCH FROM BECOMING TO POWERFUL |
| SEPARATION OF POWERS | ALL POWER IF EVENLY DIVIDED BETWEEN EACH BRANCH |
| POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY | PEOPLE ARE THE SOURCE OF POWER FOR GOVERNMENT |
| INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS | makes sure the govt cannot take advantage of individual citizens; seen in Bill of Rights |
| FEDERALIST PAPERS | written to convince Americans to ratify the Constitution; written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams |
| NULLIFICATION CRISIS | S. Carolina tried to nullify a tariff, President Jackson refused to let them= compromise tariff; both sides happy; causes sectional crisis in pre-Civil War era |
| MANIFEST DESTINY | God ordained America to strech from “sea to shining sea”; reason we annexed Texas and Oregon |
| CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR | states rights, slavery, tariff disputes, different eco, cultural differences |
| CIVIL WAR | 1861-1865 WAR BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH |
| RECONSTRUCTION | PLAN TO REBUILD US AFTER THE CIVIL WAR; REPS CONTROLLED THE NATION AND THE SOUTH |
| 13th Amendment: | Reconstruction era; made former slaves citizens |
| 14th Amendment: | Reconstruction era; made former slaves citizens |
| 15th Amendment: | Reconstruction era; gave former male slaves the right to vote |
| Homestead Act: | 150 acres of land for $10 fee; had to live on land for 5 years; drew settlers west and made the Great Plains a major agricultural area |
| Dawes Act: | divided reservation land into individual lots; intended for Indians to farm= men hated farming b/c it was women’s work |
| Growth of Railroads: | easier to ship goods; RR major consumer of steel, timber & coal; Central Pacific & Union Pacific form transcontinental RR to link East & West coasts |
| Growth of Labor Unions: | goals= shorter work weeks, better pay, safer conditions, end child labor |
| Growth of Cities: | urbanization= rapid growth= crowded tenements; mass transport a problem |
| Farm Issues: | OVERPRODUCTION=LOW PRICES;HARSH WEATHER, LACK OF WATER AND LUMBER |
| Rise of Big Business: | natural resources, work force= immigrants/ migrants; new inventions/ technology; government gave land grants & loans; laissez faire practices; RR |
| Child Labor: | unsafe working conditions; low pay; no time for school; Wilson 1st president to regulate (Progressive goal) |
| Immigration: | 23 million immigrants come to America & settle in NY, Boston, Chicago; mostly Southeastern European & Jews; unskilled workers; limited English |
| Anti-Immigration Laws: | Nativists passed the Chinese Exclusion Act and the National Quotas Act to keep immigrants out |
| Americanization: | idea to send immigrant children to school to learn English, the Pledge of Allegiance, and other American ideals |
| William “Boss” Tweed: | party boss of Tammany Hall (Democratic political machine in NYC); he provided services to immigrants for votes; he swindled $ from the government; Thomas Nast a political cartoonist brought down the Tweed Ring |
| Telephone & telegraph: | new technologies; advanced communication in business and personal life; Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone |
| Incandescent light bulb & oil-based products: | provided lighting so businesses could operate after dark |
| Andrew Carnegie: | Industrialists; brought the Bessemer process for making stronger, better steel to America; vertical integration to cut costs |
| John D. Rockefeller: | Industrialist; Standard Oil; horizontal integration to eliminate competition= monopoly |
| Theodore Roosevelt: | 2nd in command of Rough Riders in SPAM War; as president issued the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine |
| Woodrow Wilson: | president; moral diplomacy= won’t recognize oppressive rulers; sent troops after Pancho Villa; president during World War I |
| John Pershing: | commander of the 9th and 19th Negro Calvary during SPAM War |
| Henry Cabot Lodge: | led opposition to Treaty of Versailles because of the League of Nations |
| Alfred T. Mahan: | wrote the book, the Influence of Sea Power; made the plan for the development of the US Navy & imperialism |
| Building of Panama Canal: | faster travel time for Navy & trade; problem= mosquitoes carry malaria and yellow fever= to solve, drain & burn swamps |
| US Imperialism: | Manifest Destiny fulfilled, so America looked for markets outside of the US |
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: | Issued by President Roosevelt, America could intervene in the problems of Latin America |
| Open Door Policy: | China would remain open to trade with all nations |
| Dollar Diplomacy: | America would intervene in problems where our business investments were at stake |
| Spanish-American War (1898): | made America a world power; control of Cuba, Philippines, Guam & Puerto Rico |
| WWI | (1914-1918): MAIN= militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism; America joins in 1917= SLUTZ Sussex Pledge, Lusitania, Unrestricted submarine warfare, ties with Britain, Zimmerman Telegram; Allied Powers= Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Americ |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: | the main reason America joins WWI |
| Zimmerman Telegram: | German diplomat tried to convince Mexico to join WWI by offering them Texas if the Central Powers won |
| Great Migration: | African Americans migrate north during WWI to find better paying jobs |
| Battle of Argonne Forest: | WWI; Pershing led the forces that shattered Germany’s defenses |
| Wilson’s 14 Points: | tried to solve the MAIN reasons why WWI began; self determination a major goal; proposed League of Nations |
| Treaty of Versailles: | Allied leaders rejected 14 Points b/c they wanted to punish Germany; accepts League of Nations; Germany blameed for war, reduced military, & pay high reparations |
| Theodore Roosevelt: | Republican; Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food & Drug Act, conservation, Trust Buster, 1st president to arbitrate a labor dispute |
| William H. Taft: | Republican; Children’s Bureau to investigate and publicize child labor; Mann Elkins Act increased the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission |
| Woodrow Wilson: | Democrat; 17, 18, 19th Amendment; Federal Reserve Act to establish Federal Reserve bank to regulate interest rates; Federal Trade Commission to monitor businesses; Keating Owens Act to prohibit child labor |
| Susan B. Anthony: | women’s rights activist; fought for women’s suffrage |
| W.E.B. DuBois: | African American activist; helped found the NAACP; believed voting was essential to end discrimination and lynching |
| Robert LaFollette: | governor of Wisconsin; wanted the direct primary vote to make it more democratic and to break the power of party bosses |
| Initiative: | makes govt more democratic; citizens can introduce laws to legislature |
| Referendum: | makes govt more democratic; citizens vote on laws before they go into effect |
| Recall: | makes govt more democratic; hold new elections to get rid of bad politicians |
| Teapot Dome Scandal and Watergate Scandal | cause people to distrust government |
| Interstate Commerce Commission: | 1st federal law designed to regulate interstate commerce |
| Sherman Anti-trust Act: | 1890- made monopolies or trusts illegal; hard to enforce |
| 16th Amendment: | direct tax on income not land |
| 17th Amendment: | direct election of senators |
| Meat Inspection Act: | federal inspection of meat; reaction to Upton Sinclair’s, The Jungle |
| Conservation: | called Americans to preserve the US’s natural resources & regulate their use |
| Eugene Debs: | Third Party Movement; 1912 election he ran as the American Socialist Party candidate; he won nearly 1 million votes |
| THE 1920’S &1930’S | |
| Red Scare: | Fear of communism after WWI; leads to Palmer Raids and deportation of immigrants |
| Prohibition: | 18th Amendment= banned alcohol |
| Flappers: | changing role of women; young, stylish women; sought freedom and escape from Victorian ideals; wore short skirts, short hair; smoked cigarettes and drank prohibited alcohol |
| Harlem Renaissance: | outpouring of African American arts= literature & music; began in Harlem NYC; Langston Hughes leading voice |
| Scopes Trial: | John Scopes taught evolution, was arrested, and put on trial |
| Clarence Darrow/ William J. Bryan: | Darrow defended Scopes; WJB was the prosecutor |
| Charles A. Lindbergh: | 1st solo transatlantic flight; Spirit of St. Louis; showed America’s ingenuity |
| Herbert Hoover: | 1st president during Great Depression; despite what most Americans thought, he tried some government regulation and public works projects to help |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt: 2 | 2nd president during Great Depression; New Deal= his domestic program to help the devastating impact of the Depression; used fireside chats to comfort Americans |
| John Steinbeck: | The Grapes of Wrath about Oakies moving to California to flee the Dust Bowl |
| 18th Amendment: | Prohibition of alcohol |
| 19th Amendment: | women’s suffrage |
| 21st Amendment: | ended prohibition |
| Henry Ford/ Application of Assembly Line to Car Production: | used assembly line to make cars faster & cheaper= Americans can buy more cars |
| Causes of Prosperity in the 20’s: | rise of new industries (cars/ consumer goods); easy credit; supply-side eco= reduce govt spending & taxes; welfare capitalism= workers share co benefits |
| Causes of the Great Depression: | uneven distribution of wealth; stock market crash; high tariffs & war debts; farmers overproduce; banks made risky loans |
| Stock Market Crash (1929): | over speculation; margin buying; stock pools= inflated prices; Federal Reserve raised the interest rates |
| Effects of the Great Depression: | widespread hunger, poverty & unemployment; widespread economic crisis; leads to Democratic victory in 1932 election FDR |
| Dust Bowl/ Oakies: | severe drought & dust storms caused farmers more financial problems; Oakies= people from Oklahoma trying to escape fled to Cali only to find more financial problems |
| New Deal: | FDR’s plan for the Great Depression; relief, recovery, reform; create jobs & public works; helped but did not end the Depression |
| Social Security: | New Deal program; aid to the elderly & retired workers over 65 |
| FDIC: | New Deal program; Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; insured bank deposits= restored confidence in banks |
| SEC: | New Deal program; Securities & Exchange Commission; federal regulation of the stock market & companies & their stocks |
| FDR and Court Packing: | Supreme Court did not support New Deal programs, so FDR tried to increase the number of justices so he could appoint 6 new ones; the plan failed |
| WORLD WAR II: (1941-1945) | |
| FDR: | president; served 3 terms |
| Harry Truman: | president after FDR died; he made decision to drop the atomic bomb |
| Adolph Hitler: | leader of Nazi Germany |
| Omar Bradley: | commander of American forces landing at Omaha & Utah beaches at D-Day |
| Dwight Eisenhower: | Supreme Allied Commander in European theater of war |
| Douglas MacArthur: | American General in the Philippines; he said, “I shall return.” |
| George Marshall: | Chief of Staff Army; he increased & modernized the Army; FDR’s advisor |
| George Patton: | General in Italian campaign; helped lead to Mussolini’s arrest |
| Albert Einstein: | informed FDR about the possibility of an atomic bomb |
| Invasion of Normandy (D-Day): | Allies needed to open a second front in the west to help take the pressure off of Russia in the east; code named Operation Overlord |
| Holocaust: | 6 million European Jews were killed by the Nazis |
| Japanese- | American Internment: federal government moved Japanese Americans off of California’s coast for fear of spying; violated constitutional rights |
| Fighting on multiple fronts: | major mistake for Hitler to invade Russia; it will cause him to lose |
| Battle of Midway: | turning point in the Pacific; severely hurt Japan’s Navy |
| Pearl Harbor: | 12/7/41; Japan attacks America; mistake because America will join WWII |
| Home Front: | Rosie the Riveter- campaign to draw women into the workforce, rationing- unlike WWI, America rations copper, rubber, food, nylon, gas, etc. to supply the war effort |
| End of Depression: | WWII ends the economic crisis or Great Depression |
| Atomic Bomb: | Truman used a- bombs to make the Japanese surrender; Hiroshima & Nagasaki |
| Harry S. Truman: | Fair Deal; GI Bill; 2nd Red Scare= Loyalty Review Programs, HUAC, Senator McCarthy; Containment= Marshall Plan, NATO, Korean War begins |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower: | suburban growth, baby boom, Federal Hwy Act, polio vaccine, rock n’ roll, Korean War ends, Sputnik, U2 Incident, CIA |
| John F. Kennedy: | New Frontier; moon program; Alliance for Progress; Peace Corps; Berlin Wall; Ball of Pigs; Cuban Missle Crisis |
| Lyndon B. Johnson: Great Society= | Civil Rights Act 1964/ 65/ 68, VISTA, Head Start, War on Poverty; escalated Vietnam War because of Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| Election of 1948: | Truman (D) fought to win a surprising victory over Thomas Dewey (R) |
| Truman Doctrine: | part of Containment policy; sent financial aid to Greece & Turkey |
| Marshall Plan: | part of Containment policy; sent financial aid to W. Europe to rebuild after WWII |
| NATO: | part of Containment policy; North Atlantic Treaty Organization= mutual defense alliance |
| Berlin Airlift: | tested Containment; response to Soviet aggression; Truman airlifted supplies to W. Berlin to keep it from falling to Communist E. Germany |
| GI Bill of Rights: | gave loans to WWII veterans to buy homes, go to college & start businesses |
| Second Red Scare/ McCarthyism: | Senator Joseph McCarthy accused government officials of being Communists; lost popularity when he accused Army officials |
| Polio Vaccine: | developed by Jonas Salk; kept epidemics from spreading |
| TV: | commercials & mass advertisement; visibility for national figures (sports & politics); by 50s most families owned one; shared American experience |
| Rock n’ Roll: | expression of teens nonconformity in the 50s; evidence of generation gap |
| Korean War: | began under Truman & ends under Eisenhower; response to Soviet aggression; no victory but containment |
| Sputnik I (1957): | USSR launched first satellite; Ike gives $$ to science & math education |
| Effects of Cold War (Competition): | space race and arms race |
| Debates for 1960 Election: | first televised debates |
| Berlin Wall: | JFK’s administration; E. Germany built it to keep people from escaping to the West |
| Cuban Missile Crisis: | JFK’s administration; close to nuclear war; USSR removes missiles from Cuba & US agrees not to invade Cuba & to remove missiles from Turkey |
| CIVIL RIGHTS | |
| Martin Luther King Jr./ SCLC: | Used civil disobedience; organized Montgomery Bus Boycott; founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference; influenced by Ghandi |
| Malcolm X/ Nation of Islam: | member of Nation of Islam; advocated rights by “any means necessary”; influenced by Elijah Muhammed |
| Plessy v. Ferguson : | Established “separate but equal” doctrine |
| Brown v. Board of Education: | ended segregation; separate is “inherently unequal”; Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas first to integrate |
| University of California v. Bakke: | kept affirmative action but outlawed quotas |
| Affirmative Action: | called for companies and institutions to actively recruit African American employees with the hopes to improve their social and economic status |
| Reynolds v. Simms: | “one man one vote”; apportionment voting in most states was uncon. |
| SNCC/ Sit-ins: | Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee; along with CORE they organized sit-ins of white’s only lunch counters to challenge segregation |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964: | most important civil rights legislation; barred segregation in all public facilities; enforced by refusing federal funds for violators |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965: | outlawed literacy tests |
| Title IX: | prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against girls |
| Lyndon Johnson: | escalated the Vietnam War the most because of Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| Richard M. Nixon: | Vietnamization; War Powers Act because he bombed Cambodia; resigned due to the Watergate Scandal |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: | Congress gave war powers to LBJ= disrupted checks & balances |
| War Powers Act: | limited president’s war powers because Nixon bombed Cambodia |
| Vietnamization: | Nixon’s idea to increase S. Viet Army while pulling American troops home |
| 26th Amendment: | gave 18-year-olds the right to vote due to Vietnam War draft |
| Kent State: | protests against bombing Cambodia leads to National Guard shooting 4 students |
| Watergate Scandal: | Nixon resigned b/c of the break-in of the Dem Natl HQ; made Americans distrust government officials |
| Impact of computers: | improved standard of living; due to space program |
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