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Music Therapy
Various Terms to study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alzheimer's disease | A progressive, degenerative disease with insidious onset, (multiple cognitive deficits and significant decline in functioning). |
| Attention deficit disorder | Disorder includes maladaptive inattention/hyperactivity/impulsiveness; pervasive/significant impairment. |
| Auditory discrimination | The ability to hear similarities and differences between sounds. |
| Auditory memory | The ability to retain and recall what is heard. |
| Auditory-motor match | The process whereby warranted of sound results in a movement or response. |
| Autism | Includes self-absorption, preoccupation with inanimate objects/dysfunctional/destructive/ritualisticbehaviors. |
| Behavior disorder | A problem in social behavior which is sufficiently extreme as to interfere with the learning process. |
| Cerebral palsy | Characterized by problems in movement, lather, and loss of voluntary muscle control, caused by brain injury early in life. |
| Communication disorder | A disability which is characterized by the inability to transfer thought through speech, written word, or bodily gestures. |
| Conduct disorder | A pattern of behavior characterized by the breaking of social norms, (serious violations, aggression, destruction or deceitfulness). |
| Dementia | Characterized by detorioration in cognitive functioning, (memory, abstract thinking, judgement and problem solving). |
| Developmental disability | A disorder originating before the age of 18 which constitutes a substantial handicap and continues indefinitely. |
| Disruptive behavior disorder | Conduct disorder includes: oppositional/defiant behavior; not meeting other conduct disorder criteria. |
| Down's Syndrome | A congenital abnormality of extra gene (21)/ mental retadration/physical abnormalities. |
| Fine motor dexterity | The use of small muscles for reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects. |
| Forensic psychiatry | Devoted to legal problems and infractions of civil law. |
| Gerontology | The study of aging, behaviors and disorders of later life. |
| Guided Imagery and Music | Listening to music in a relaxed state/imagery, symbols, feelsing=self-understanding. |
| Hearing impairment | Any degree or type of hearing loss/deafness and hard of hearing. |
| Huntington's disease | Affects CNS and causes involuntary movement/contortions (cognitive decline/behavioral symptoms). |
| Hyperactivity | Behavior characterized by increased/excessive muscular activity. |
| Inclusion | Placing children with special needs in regular classroom/give support and services. |
| Individualized Education Plan | A written plan of instruction for children with special needs/includes goals, objectives and services. |
| Juvenile offenders | Children who have committed offenses according to law. |
| Learning disorder | Deficit in an specific area (learning)= decreased achievement. |
| Mental retardation | Sub average intellectual functioning/impaired adaptive functioning; IQ<70. |
| Motor skills disorder | Affects coordination/diagnosed in childhood/significant functional loss/not due to medical condition or PDD. |
| Multiply handicapped | More than one impairment/physical or sensory/along with another handicap. |
| Neuromuscular disorder | Affects nervous system and the muscles of the body. |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | A condition characterized by persistent hostile and negative behaviors=functional difficulties. |
| Parkinson's disease | A chronic nervous system disorder characterized by tremors, ridgity, and slow movements. |
| Pervasive developmental disorder | A variety of mental/behavioral disorders without biological cause. |
| Physical challenges/impairments | Any impairment of the body whch affects functional capacity. |
| Physical therapy | A rehabilatitive treatment of physical impairment or challenge/massage, hydrotherapy, heat and exercise. |
| Pitch matching | Imitation of highness of lowness of a sound. |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | Anxiety disorder/reexperiences a trauma/causes significant distress/functional impairment. |
| Rett syndrome | Child loss of dexterity, coordinated gait, social engagement, language, psychomotor retardation. |
| Sensory impairment | A disorder affecting contact with the environment through senses/kinesthesia. |
| Stroke | Blockage of blood supply to the brain/transient, temporary or severe. |
| Traumatic brain injury | Head injury sustained in an accident or other suddden onset. |
| William's Syndrome | Neurological congenital disorder=delayed motor development, mild-moderate mental retardation, impaired vision or speech. |
| Accountability | One is responsible/answerable for obligations to a set of constituencies. |
| Assessment | Systematic approach/observation of person's strengths and weaknesses for treatment planning. |
| Data-based model | Approach based on information retrieved through experimentation/direct observation. |
| Dysphoric | Having feelings of dejection, misery, and underestimation of self. |
| Empathy | Understanding another person's feelings, ideas and desires/place self in their "shoes". |
| Generalization | Process of transferring/applying responses to different set of stimuli/new setting/behavior. |
| Goal | Expected therapeutic outcome; a purpose/direction for therapy. |
| Insight | Self-knowledge/deep understanding of personal issues/regarding aspects of symptoms. |
| Objective | Expected outcome of therapy/defines goal/measurable and observable. |
| Target behavior | Behavior(s) providing focus of therapy identified in the therapeutic goal/objective. |
| Termination | Final stage of therapy/includes: evaluation of progress, plan for ending therapy, future follow-up plan. |
| Auditory learners | Learns more easily through auditory means rather than visual means. |
| Fibromyalgia | Nonarticular rheumatic disorder/pain, stiffness, extreme tenderness on muscles. |
| Hyperacusis | Extreme sensitivity to sound. |
| Palliative | Treatment designed to relieve symptoms rather than cure/chronic or terminal. |
| Contract | A mutually agreed upon set of expectations, rules, policies/governs behavior. |
| Metaphor | Experience/setting where behavior represents life experience. |
| Rapport | Closeness/trust within the therapeutic relationship. |
| Reinforcement value | Degree to which activity/material serves as reinforcement for behavior. |
| Assessment tool | Test, device, form or instrument developed for measuring strengths and weaknesses. |
| Perceptual-motor | Organization/interpretation of a stimulus and its response. |
| Posttest | Assessment of skills given following a therapeutic intervention at the end of phase. |
| Pretest | Assessment of skills given prior to a therapeutic intervention or experiment. |
| Reliability | Degree to which a test/observation is consistent. |
| Sensory-motor | Combination/processing of a sensory stimulus and motor response. |
| Validity | The degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure. |
| Inter-observer agreement | A measure of reliability of observers. |
| Long-term goal | The desired outcomes after a considerable period of time. |
| Long-term objective | Specific therapeutic aim, stated clearly as observable outcome, can be met in a period of time. |
| Response definition | Complete behavioral description of target behavior; includes descriptive term, limits and strategies. |
| Short-term goal | The desired outcome which is possible to achieve in the near future. |
| Short-term objective | Specific therapeutic aim, stated clearly observable, able to be met in the near future. |
| Terminal objective | The last in a series of various objectives/goals/expected outcomes. |
| Anecdotal record | Narrative account of behaviors/events which is recorded while observing. |
| Antecedents | Events which precede a behavior; sets the occasion for the occurrence of the behavior. |
| Baseline | Record or graph of observed behaviors; recorded over time; no intervention. |
| Consequences | Events which follow a behavior; sometimes as a result of occurrence of behavior. |
| Duration recording | Notating the length of time a behavior occurs. |
| Frequency count | Notation of the number of times a behavior occurs. |
| Interval time-sampling | Notation of whether or not a behavior is occurring during a specific time period. |
| Planned Activity Check | Notation of the number of participants engaged in a target behavior at the end of a observation session. |
| Reliability coefficient | Measure of agreement between observers, the agreements are divided by the aggree/disagree, then divide by 100. |
| Behavior therapy | Therapeutic intervention; change behavior. |
| Cue | An event which sets the occasion for a certain behavior to occur. |
| Discriminative stimulus | A cue which results on a response which occurs only after its presentation; not after other cues. |
| Fading | The gradual removal of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own. |
| Group contengencies | Consequences for a group as a whole dependent upon occurrence of specified behavior. |
| Insight therapy | Approach to psychotherapy; objectives are awareness which leads to control. |
| Melodic intonation therapy | Clinical use of melodies; develop language skills in aphasic patients and propositional language. |
| Negative punishment | Removal of stimulus which results in decreased behavior. |
| Paired associate | The presentation of one word as a stimulus for the recall of a second word. |
| Positive reinforcement | Presentation of a stimulus which results in an increase of behavior. |
| Psychiatry musicology | Music therapy approach using music as a metaphor for examining relationships. |
| Psychodynamic therapy | System of psychotherapy based on individual's unconscious motivation and past experiences. |
| Rational emotive therapy | Albert Ellis; attempts to confront one's rational belief system as a method of solving problems. |
| Reconstructive therapy | Insight-oriented therapy; examines unconscious and deep-set emotions; reconstructs personality. |
| Reeducative therapy | Insight-oriented therapy; promotes self-growth and adjustment through behavior changes. |
| Schedule of reinforcement | Behavior requirements; reinforce stimulus to be delivered/ fixed, variable, interval or ratio. |
| Shaping | Developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. |
| Successive approximations | Behaviors which gradually resemble the target behavior or terminal objective. |
| Transactional analysis | Eric Berne; examines interaction through explicit roles, games; recognizes and understands behavior patterns. |
| Baseline-treatment design | A design which compares behavior under conditions of no or some treatment. |
| Case studies | Examination of clients undergoing treatment and report progress. |
| Experimental group design | Any number of designs which employs scientific methods and tests hypotheses, highly structured. |
| Hierarchy of objectives | Logical sequence of behavioral expectations leading toward the desired outcome of therapy. |
| Matched pairs design | Experimental design with two groups are similar; one with or without treatment. |
| Multiple baseline design | Single subject applied behavior analysis; treatment is added and condition are held constant. |
| Pretest-posttest design | Design sampling behavior prior and following treatment as an indication of progress. |
| Random group design | Randomly assigns group members with or without treatment. |
| Repeated measures design | Experimental group; repeated observation with subjects acting as their own control. |
| Reversal design ABA | Single subject; aplied behavior deign; observe behavior at baseline and treatment. |
| Single subject, applied behavior analysis design | Research design assesses the effect of treatment with one person or group over time. |
| Task analysis | Detailed breakdown of behavior involved in a particular skill or task. |
| Countertransference | The therapist's projecion of feelings, ideas and desires about others onto the client. |
| Phenomenological | Perceived through subjective reality, as opposed to physically and objectively. |
| Transference | The client's projections of feelings, ideas and desires about others onto the therapist. |
| Secondary gains | Unexpected or unplanned outcomes over the course of therapy. |
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