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Bryan-Chamorro Treaty
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APUSH Ch. 23-25 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Moral Diplomacy | President Wilson's idea to denounce "dollar diplomacy" and replace it with a morally-focused approach to foreign policy. |
| Bryan-Chamorro Treaty | gave the U.S. an option to build a canal across Nicaragua. |
| Victoriano Huerta | Mexican general who murdered the former president Madero and seized power. Most European countries recognized this new government, but Wilson refused, apalled by Madero's murder |
| Pancho Villa | rebelled against the Carranza government and seized Mexico City. Professed to be willing to cooperate with U.S., but eventually makes some raids throughout some Southern cities to draw the U.S. into Mexico in order to undermine the Carranza government |
| Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand | Serbian Nationalist assassinates the heir to the throne. Set off WWI. |
| American Desire for Neutrality | population at the time was one-third European-born immigrants. It was also against the prevailing Progressive spirit at the time. |
| Why America Entered the War | Germans often violated the freedom of the seas, particularly when a U-boat sunk the Lusitania off the Irish coast, killing 1200 people, 128 who were American. This angered America, and when German U-boats continued sinking ships, America joined the war. |
| Election of 1916 | Wilson had won the election previously only because the Republican party had split in two. He ensured his reelection by wooing the Progressives. He appointed the first Jewish judge to the Supreme Court, who was also an advanced progressive. |
| Keating-Owen Child Labor Act | barred goods manufactured by the labor of children under sixteen from interstate commerce. Helped Wilson win over the Progressive party. |
| "Peace Without Victory" | Wilson's last effort to end the war with negotiation. Stated the settlement of war by a victor would only breed hatred, and therefore more wars. Called for disarmament and freedom of the seas, an international peace force. Failed. |
| Mobilization of the Economy | Problem of mobilization was complicated. Laissez-faire had no place in a wartime economy, so they had to make the switch to the government controlling all major industries involved in the war effort. |
| War Industries Board (WIB) | main force in mobilizing the economy. Given the power to allocate scarce materials, standardize production, fix prices, and coordinate American and Allied purchasing. Suspended anti-trust laws and encouraged businesses to work together. |
| Workers during the War | due to the removal of workers by the army draft, unemployment disappeared and wages rose. Hours and wages were individually set for each war industry. |
| Paying for the War | Wilson managed for paying for the war effectively. Cost the US about 33.5 billion. Over 2/3 of the cost was met by borrowing (war bonds, etc.). |
| Committee on Public Information (CPI) | headed by journalist George Creel. Flooded the country with propaganda prepared by hundreds of CPI writers. Pictured war as a crusade for freedom and democracy, and the Germans as a bestial people bent on world domination |
| Espionage Act | 1917. Punished anyone who was convicted of aiding the enemy or obstructing recruiting. |
| Sedition Act | Made a crime of saying anything to discourage the buying of war bonds, as well as saying, printing, writing, or publishing any disloyal, scurrilous, or abusive language about the government. |
| Schenck vs. United States | 1919. involved a man who had been accused of mailing circulars discouraging draftees from showing up for induction into the army. Brought about the "clear and present danger" idea (yelling fire in a crowded theater, etc.) |
| Women in Wartime | most supported the war enthusiastically, moved by patriotism and fear of losing the vote if they opposed. War opened up some high-paying jobs to women, but most resigned or were fired to make room for the returning veterans. |
| Blacks in Wartime | "great migration". Southern Blacks move North where jobs are available. Resented by many of the resident whites. There were also several black regiments in the Army and National Guard. W.E.B. Du Bois supported the war wholeheartedly. |
| Americans on the Battlefield | First soldiers reach Paris on July 4th, 1917. Didn't get much action until spring of 1918, but their presence boosted the morale of other soldiers. Allied forces broke through the German center in early November, causing the Germans to sign an armistice. |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson's plan for postwar peace. Called for freedom of the seas, the restoration of international trade, a drastic reduction of armaments, and reorganize the European country boundaries. |
| Paris Peace Conference | Attended by the Big Four: Wilson, David Lloyd George (G.B.), Georges Clemenceau (Fr.), and Vittorio Orlando (It.). After 5 months of deliberation, came forth with the Versailles Treaty. |
| Versailles Treaty | Forced Germany to take responsibility for the war and to write a blank check for damage to civilian properties. Amounted to 33 billion. Did not address freedom of the seas, tariffs, or disarmament. |
| League of Nations | Wilson's ideal international organization that would maintain a world peace. Widely rejected |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Senator of Mass. who organized the manifesto of 37 Rep. Senators against Wilson's League of Nations. Wanted peace terms to be figured out with Germany before talking about this organization. |
| Lodge Reservations | antithesis to Wilson's Fourteen Points. Dealt with the problem of reconciling traditional concepts of national sovereignty with the new idea of world cooperation. |
| Red Scare | Americans feared that their way of life was in danger of Communism. Strike in Seattle in Feb. 1919 was supposedly organized by a pro-communist. Terrorist groups also spread alarm with their attempts to kill various prominent persons. |
| Election of 1920 | James Cox (Dem.) vs. Warren G. Harding (Rep.). Harding swept the popular vote due t his negative stance toward the L.O.N. |
| Cutting Immigration | Government established a quota system that restricted the number of immigrants admitted by country after the war. About 150,000 a year total |
| New Urban Social Patterns | by 1920, more Americans lived in cities greater than 25k than n rural areas. Most male skilled workers could make enough money to comfortably support a family. Husbands were now equal to wives in the family dynamic. |
| The "Flaming Youth" | 1920's era. relations between sexes were becoming more relaxed and uninhibited. Women smoked, drank, wore lipstick and exotic perfumes, and shortened their hair and skirts. This rebellion was faddish in nature, shaped by peer pressure. |
| The New Woman | More open about sex and birth control. Divorce laws had been modified, and more women were taking jobs. However, they were still paid less than men. |
| Popular Culture | Movies and Radio became increasingly popular. Hollywood emerged in the 1920's as the fourth largest in the nation in capital investment. Animated cartoons emerged at this time with Walt Disney |
| The Golden Age of Sports | Lots of talented athletes during this period, particularly Babe Ruth and Harold "red" Grange |
| Urban-Rural Conflicts | Farmers saw city life as unhealthy and sinful. There was a resurgence of religious fundamentalism during this time. Teaching of evolution must be prohibited. Monkey Trial of Tennessee. |
| Prohibition | reduced annual national consumption, and arrests for drunkenness fell off sharply. Smuggling became a major business. |
| The Klu Klux Klan | reemerged during this period. Persecuted immigrants, Jews, Catholics, gamblers, loose women, and violators of prohibition. Success eventually led to its undoing. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | anarchists and Italian immigrants. accused of committing a crime and executed, not because the committed it, but because they were foreign. |
| The New Negro |
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