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Micro Viruses
Dr O. Exam 3 Chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteriophage (phage) | Infect bacteria, no envelope, cannot reproduce independently, use host cell machinery, cause most of the world's disease, acellular, either DNA or RNA |
| Extracellular state of viruses | Called viron, nucleic acid + protein coat = nucleocapsid, some have phospholipid envelope, outermost layer provides protection and recognition sites |
| Intracellular state of viruses | No capsid, exists as nucleic acid |
| Isometric shape | Nucleic acid surrounded by polyhedral shell or capsid (e.g. adenovirus) |
| Helical shape | Ribbon like, has nucleic acid surrounded by hollow protein center or capsid |
| Complex shape | Most phages, have polyhedral head, helical sheath or tail |
| Enzymes | Viruses contain a few enzymes in their capsid (e.g. HIV has reverse transcriptase) |
| Capsids | protein coats that provide protection for viral nucleic acid and means of attachment to host's cell |
| Capsomere | Proteinaceous subunits, have multiple or single type |
| Viral envelope | Acquired by host cell during viral replication, composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins, some have spikes (virally coded glycoproteins) -> play role in host recognition |
| Replication of bacteria viruses | Usually results in death and lysis of host cell via lytic replication, attaches to cell membrane then releases contents into cell |
| Lysogeny of bacteria viruses | Modified replication cycle, infected host cells grown and reproduce before they lyse, occurs when virus alters phenotype |
| Prophages (bacteria viruses) | inactive phages |
| Replication of Animal viruses | releases contents of virus while completely inside host cell, chemical attraction, have glycoprotein spikes |
| Synthesis of Animal viruses | DNA viruses enter nucleus, RNA viruses replicated in cytoplasm, + sense RNA acts as mRNA, Retroviruses have RNA dep. DNA polymerase |
| Enveloped viruses cause... | persistent infections (keep on shedding viruses) |
| Naked viruses | released by exocytosis or may cause lysis and death of host cell |
| Latency of animal viruses | Dormancy may last for years with no viral activity, signs, or symptoms, when provirus gets incorporated into DNA = condition is permenant |
| Cytopathic effect | Virus-induced cell changes, herpes = syncytium, rabies = negri bodies, Hep. B = ground glass liver cells |
| Virus' role in cancer | May promote oncogenes but repressor kills it, or may bind to repressor not allowing it to kill oncogenes -> causing cancer to develop |
| Examples of DNA and RNA viruses causing cancer | Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS pts), cervical cancer (HPV), DNA viruses are most deadly |
| Culturing viruses | Must use tissue(isolated from organism or grown in broth or medium) diploid or continuous, embryonated chicken eggs |
| Prions | Proteinaceous infectious agents, shaped depends of impact of prion |
| Characteristics of Prions | Composed of single protein PrP, involve fatal neurological degeneration, form large vacuoles in brain, spongiform encephalopathies, destroyed by incineration or autoclave |
| Genome exchange | Point mutation = antigenic drift (minor), genetic exchange = antigenic shift (major) |
| Teratogenesis | Induction of defects during embryogenic development |
| Teratogen | Drug or agent that induces teratogenic defects, rubella and cytomegalovirus = congenital infection and sever congenital abnormalities |
| Adenoviridae | Naked, transmission=respiratory, close contact, fecal-oral, disease=3rd most common cause of cold |
| Hepadnaviridae | Enveloped, transmission=body fluids, blood, perinatal, disease=Hep. B (Serum Hepatitis), cirrhosis, liver cancer, chronic carriers |
| TORCH | T=Toxoplasmosis O=Others (Syph, Varicella, Hep. B, HIV, Parvo B19) R=Rubella C=Cytomegalovirus H=Herpes simplex |
| Kaposi's sarcoma | Caused by HHS-8, sex transmitted, targets vascular epithelial cells, in immunodeficient individuals |
| Mastadenovirus | Naked, causes common cold -> 3rd most common cause |
| Hepadnavirus | Envelope, causes Hep. B (serum hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer), chronic symptoms |
| HHV-1 (simplex) | Causes cold sores, latent infection in nerve ending |
| HHV-2 (simplex) | Sexually transmitted, causes genital and neonatal herpes (TORCH) |
| HHV-3 (varicella zoster) | Causes chickenpox and shingles |
| HHV-4 (epstein-barr) | Causes mono (kissing disease), burkitt's lymphoma (b lymph tumors), and hotchkin's lymphoma |
| HHV-5 (cytomegalovirus) | Owl eye in intracell inclusion, causes mono, TORCH |
| Roseola virus (cyto) | Causes infantile exanthem subitum (6th) re bumpy rash |
| HHV-8 (cyto) | Targets vascular endothelial cells, causes Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients |
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