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History
Goal 5- Chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Andrew Carniege | Started carnige steel, bought out suppliers and shippers, controlled his costs to keep them low, buys out other steel plants, one of the biggest steel companies in the company |
| Industrialist | they payed workers lower wages, drove competitors out of business by selling oil lower than it cost to produce, after controlled the market they hiked the prices, they were also philantropist and donated money to the community |
| Robber Barons | name given by critics that disapproved of the industrialist raising and controlling prices |
| Charles Darwin | English Naturalist, theory of biological evolution, wrote was called "On the Origin of Species", eplained his belief of natural selection |
| Natural Selection | Darwin's Idea that some individuals of a species flourish and pass their traits to the next generation while others do not, weeded out less-suited individuals and enabled the best adapted people to survive |
| Social Darwinism | economist found appplying Darwin's Thoery to society wasa way to justify "allow to do", according to this docterine the Market place would not be regulated, millionaires liked this idea as supported the idea of individual responsibility and blame. |
| Herbert Spencer | took Darwins idea and applied it to the evolution of society |
| William Summer | a political science professor at Yale promoted the theory that success and failure in a business were governed by natural law and thqat no one had the right to intervne "Principles of Social Darwinism" |
| National Labor Union (NLU) | Large scaled national orginazed Union, formed by William H. Sylvis in 1866 |
| American Railway Workers Union (ARU) | Labor Leader of the first union of skilled and unskilled workers in one industry, organized by socialist presidintial canidate Eugene Debs |
| Hay Market Riot | turns people off of strike, lead to collapse of the Knights of Labor, in Chicago worker's come together to protest about work conditions, police show up, gets violent, a bomb is thrown, 7 cops die |
| Thomas Nast | became famous because of his politcal cartoons |
| Nativism | favortism toward Native Born Americans, felt immigrants were not blending cultures and languages(especially Chinease), most were Protestant and opposed immigrants that were not, believed that immigrants from the "wrong " area were inferior |
| Melting Pot | a mixture of people of different cultures and rases blended together by abandoning their cultures and languages, |
| Ellis Island | Immigrants from Europe first went here |
| Immigrant test | Main Test - Disease, Government inspection-Literacy, some money & good background |
| Angel Island | First place Asian immigrants came to, treated Asians harsher |
| Patronage | the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected "known as spoils system in Jackon's administration", |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) banned Chinese immigrants from moving here for 10 years renewed until 1943 |
| Urbanization | growth of Cities becomes a problem because immigrants were moving in faster thatn they can grow |
| Problems of Urbanization | Housing, Transportation, Water and Sanitation, Fire and Natural disasters |
| Dumbell Tenemants | dumbell shaped buildings made to satisfy laws of NY requiring window and some plumbing tha twas passed to improve slum conditions |
| Tenements | multifamily dwellings that were unsanitary and overcrowded |
| Mass Transit | urban transportation systems that were developed to move large numbers of people to and from jobs, street cars and subways were introduced |
| Sanitation | sewage flowed into streets, garbage thrown out windows, little trash collection, |
| Crime | flourished as population increased, pickpockets, theives, Ny started first police force |
| Fire | limited water and wooden structures contributed to large fires The Great Chicago Fire/ The San Fransico Earthquake, Cincinnati, Ohio developed first paid fire department |
| Social Gospel Movement | Early reform program that preached slavation to the poor, inspired help for the urban poor,targeted at reliving urban poverty |
| Jane Addams | Influential member of the Social Gospel Movement and Settlement houses |
| Settlement Houses | 1800's, community centers in slum neighborhoods by social welfare reformeres, provided assistance especially immigrants, ran by middle class college -educated women, provided education, nurses, |
| Political Machines | political group that organizes the parties in major cities, very powerful and fast, offered services to people in exchange for votes (foods, jobs, etc.),formed to help immigrants and poor urban workers |
| Political Bosses | head of political machines (controlled goverment services-access to jobs,business,influenced courts, helped build parks,sewer,water,schools, hospitals,orphanages,used immigrants and solved urban problems-get more votes for chosen political party |
| Voter Fraud | scandal of politcal machines, had people vote several times |
| Graft | scandal of political machine,use of political power for personal gaincompanies overcharge and political boss gets extra $ |
| Tweed Scandal | used grafts to make over $10 million for 1 project and gave some to himself & Friends |
| Tammany Hall | New YOrk City's powerful democratic political machine let by Tweed |
| Guilded Age | Greed, self-indulgence, get rich quick is harder than thought, investments turn out useless, politicians are corrupt, glittering exterior of the age turns out to hide a corrupt political core and a growing gap between the rich and the poor |
| Scab | workers hired to replace workers that are on strike, they cross picket lines and helped to break the strike |
| Pullman, Illinois | A town created by a company to house their workers, started because wages were cut |
| Pebbs | Formed the American Railway Union, felt that unions should include all laborere skilled and unskilled, led strike |
| Pullman Strike | Strike in Pullman, IL, Eugene Debbs asked for negotiation when refused he led a strike, Federal troops were called in and Debbs was fired and put in jail |
| Reformers | pressed for the elimination of patronage and the adoption of a merit system of hiring, believed jobs in civil service should go to the most qualified person, it should not matter what political views they held or who recommended them. |
| Civil Service | government administration |
| Pendelton Civil Service Act in 1833 | no more patronage, sets up committee with members from both parties, requires taking a test for civil service jobs, group looked over results to chose, positive- caused corruptin to go down, negative- gov. turned to business for influence |
| Natural Resources of 1800's | Coal, Iron Ore, Oil, Steel |
| Supports Industrial Growth | natural resourses, government support of business, growing population |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | made it illegal to form a trust that interered with free trade between states or with other countries |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | included skilled labors from one trade, led by Samuel Gompers, focused on bargining and negotiating, used strikes as a major tactic |
| John Rockefeller | joined competing companies in trust agreements,used trusts to gain control in the oil industries, owned Standard Oil |
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