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Unit Six AP US
Mrs. Grieve's Unit Six APUSH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ulysses S. Grant | won the presidential election of 1868 |
| William “Boss” Tweed | NYC “machine” boss (Democrat) who stole tax money from NYC public ($200 million); was exposed by The New York Times and Thomas Nast (cartoonist) |
| political “machines” | tightly organized groups of politicians in cities that concentrated on getting party members elected and controlling city politics |
| Thomas Nast | political cartoonist of the late nineteenth century |
| Credit Mobilier Affair | northern scandal in which railroad investors were stealing government money which was supposed to finance RR and investors bribed Congressmen with free shares of RR stock |
| Tammany Hall | Democratic political machine in New York dominated by Boss Tweed |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | first law to restrict immigration on basis of race/nationality |
| Gilded Age | the period between 1870-1898; characterized by a greatly expanding economy |
| subsidy | monetary assistance usually paid to individuals or businesses by government to reduce the costs of purchases |
| entrepreneur | someone who has an idea/product and assumes the risk of trying to sell that idea/product |
| patent | exclusive rights to a product granted by the government to the inventor for a limited period of time |
| capital | money |
| standardization | making everything the same (like gauges of RR tracks) |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | one of the first businessmen to build trunk lines and standardize RR tracks from New York to Chicago |
| trunk line | major railway line between large cities |
| Bessemer Process | process by which blasted air through molten iron made stronger steel |
| Andrew Carnegie | steel magnate whose steel company used vertical integration to control every phase of the steelmaking process; became major philanthropist after selling company |
| philanthropist | someone who gives away their own money to charity |
| J.P. Morgan | businessman who bought Carnegie Steel in 1900 for $400 million and formed US Steel Company |
| US Steel Company | largest company in the world in 1900; first billion dollar company |
| John D. Rockefeller | formed Standard Oil Company and utilized horizontal integration |
| horizontal integration | process by which one company buys out all other companies within the same industry (example – Standard Oil buys up all other oil companies) |
| vertical integration | process by which one company buys up all other companies RELATED to the production of the parent company’s product (example – Carnegie Steel buys up iron ore mining company, railway company, and steel distributors) |
| Robber Barons | negative term used to describe rich capitalists who were supposedly “robbing” the common man by making millions off products they sold |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 | prohibited any “combination” or “conspiracy” that restrained trade or commerce; never enforced |
| laissez faire (let it be) | idea that said business should NOT be regulated by the government, BUT instead by laws of supply and demand |
| Social Darwinism | idea that said rich people were more “fit” of human species; poor people were “unfit”; said welfare would hurt human species by preserving the “unfit” |
| Gospel of Wealth | idea that said God wanted rich to be rich; proof was the HE gave them superior work ethic |
| Samuel Morse | invented telegraph |
| Alexander Graham Bell | invented telephone |
| Thomas Edison | invented phonograph, light bulb, generator; set up research facility at Menlo Park, New Jersey |
| George Westinghouse | invented air brake |
| National Labor Union (1866) | union that tried to unite all workers in USA and won 8 hour day for federal government employees |
| Knights of Labor (1869) | union led by Terence Powderley; desired socialist society (more radical); included African-Americans and women |
| American Federation of Labor | union led by Samuel Gompers; concentrated on wages and working conditions (less radical); skilled, white, males |
| Haymarket Riot | riot of radical workers in Chicago in 1886 that caused decline in Knights of Labor |
| lockouts | pressures workers into accepting management’s offer by locking workers out of jobs |
| blacklists | circulating names of pro-union people so they can’t be hired in industry |
| yellow-dog contracts | contract that said workers if workers wanted a job, they couldn’t join union |
| Pinkerton Guards | private guards hired by management to break strikes by force |
| Homestead Strike (1892) | strike of Pittsburgh steelworkers in 1892 broken by Pinkerton Guards hired by Andrew Carengie |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | strike by sleeping car workers broken because federal government intervened on side of management |
| Settlement Houses | community houses run usually by young Protestant women that provided social services for poor immigrants in cities |
| Jane Addams | ran Hull House (settlement house in Chicago) |
| Social Gospel | applying Christian principles to social problems (God wants you to help the poor) |
Created by:
bjgrieve
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