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BIOL 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body |
| catabolic reactions | break down large chemicals and release energy |
| anabolic reactions | build up large chemicals and require energy |
| ingestion | the acquisition of food and other raw materials |
| digestion | the process of converting food into a usable soluble form so that it can pass through membranes in the digestive tract and enter the body |
| absorption | the passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper - absorbed molecules pass through cells lining the digestive tract by diffusion or active transport |
| transport | the circulation of essential compounds required to nourished the tissues, and the removal of waste products from the tissues |
| assimilation | the building up of new tissues from digested food materials |
| respiration | the consumption of oxygen by the body - cells use oxygen to convert glucose into ATP |
| ATP | a ready source of energy for cellular activities |
| excretion | the removal of waste products such as carbon dioxide, water and urea produced during the metabolic processes like respiration and assimilation |
| synthesis | the creation of complex molecules from simple ones (anabolism) |
| regulation | the control of physiological activities |
| homeostasis | includes regulation by hormones and the nervous system |
| growth | an increase in size due to synthesis of new materials |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates - sunlight is harnessed by chlorophyll to drive this reaction |
| reproduction | the generation of additional individuals of a species |
| All living things are composed of? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus |
| What are the components of protoplasm, the substance of life? | magnesium, iodine, iron, calcium, and other mineral |
| What is the unit of an element? | atom |
| What is the unit of a compound? | molecule |
| Atoms are joined by what to form compounds? | chemical bonds |
| What are some compounds that are formed from chemical bonds? | water, carbon dioxide, and glucose |
| inorganic compounds | compounds that do not contain the element carbon including salt and hydrochloric acid |
| organic compounds | compounds that are made by living systems and contain carbon - include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid |
| What are carbohydrates composed of? | Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Monosaccharide | single subunits - glucose and frutose |
| Diaccharide | two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis - maltose and sucrose |
| Polysaccharide | Polymers or chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits - glycogen and starch, and cellulose (insoluble in water) |
| dehydration | polysaccharides are formed by removing water |
| hydrolysis | polymer is broken down to smaller subunits by adding water |
| 3 fatty acid | characterized by hydrophobic character with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, has a single glycerol backbone - three dehydration reactions are needed to form one fat molecule ***lipids do not form polymers |
| adipose | component of fatty tissue to insulate and protect against injury |
| phospholipids | contain glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing alchohol |
| waxes | esters of fatty acids and monohydroxylic alcohols - found as protective coatings on skin, fur, leaves |
| steroids | all steroids have three fused cyclohexane rings and one fused cyclopentane ring - include cholesterol, the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, and corticosteroids |
| carotenoids | these compounds are the pigments which produce red, yellow, orange, and brown colors in plants and animals. |
| porphyrins | AKA tetrapyrroles - often complexed with a metal |
| proteins | composed of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen but may also contain phosphorus and sulfur **polymers of amino acids |
| amino acids | joined by peptide bonds through dehydration reactions ** chains of peptide bonds are called polypeptide |
| polypeptide | chains of peptide bonds -- aka protein |
Created by:
tintin2010
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