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APUSH Final review
only for the first semester of school
| Question | Answer | More Information |
|---|---|---|
| Separatist | Radical Calvinists against the Church of England | believed saints shouldn’t worship together |
| non-Separatist Puritans | Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England and the state, left England on the Mayflower and established the settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts | They did not consider themselves as seperatists. They created the first foundation for self-government, Mayflower Compact. |
| Conversion Experience | required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church | |
| Church of England | Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty | |
| Atlantic slave trade | often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange | |
| Jamestown | first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River founded by the Virginia Company | Head right system was established.Additional colonists were persuaded to come to Jamestown because they would be freed from religious persecution, easy wealth, and no debt. |
| John Winthrop | Calvinist, devised concept of “city on a hill” (“A Model of Christian Charity”); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay | |
| Indentured servants | settlers to pay the expenses of a servant’s voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system | white servants who, under contract, had to work for a master for a certain amount of years in exchange for food, shelter and even money. Were cheaper than slaves. |
| Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649) | mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant) | Passed why?:in response to charge that colony was intolerant to Protestantism ,it appeared that Roman Catholics would be outvoted by Protestants,Was repealed when Puritans gained control of colony,asked for execution of those not accepting the trinity |
| William Penn | Founded Pennsylvania | |
| Roger Williams | challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State | Believed: I.The state should not impose any authorities in the Indians matters of faith II.Colonists had no right to the land until it was purchased from |
| Anne Hutchinson | Woman Preacher.Challenged New England Calvinist ministers’ authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism. After being banished as a heretic, led 60 followers to find Rhode Island | Believed The truly saved need not to bother to obey the laws or God or man. God bestowed salvation through the covenant of grace Stressed the importance of self revelation. Bacon and his army burned down Jamestown, contributed to expansion of slavery |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | Led by Nathaniel Bacon.Rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans | the rebellion thwarted off Indian attacks. The tribes realized that they stood little chance against the settlers’. But political strength weakened. |
| James E. Oglethorpe | Governor of Georgia, established the colony as a refuge for hones debtors | It was a refuge for the poor |
| Navigation Acts | only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763.Was passed to put mercantilism into action. Colonies produced agricultural or raw material that British merchants would carry to England to be turned into manufactured goods. | it caused a stifling of manufacturing and increased resentment against the mother country(Britain) |
| Mercantilism | ensured trade with mother country, nationalism. | it advocated that a nation should export more than it imported and accumulate bullion to make up the difference.developed to try and solve the economic problems |
| Charles II, James II | tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislature | |
| William and Mary | ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies | Refused to restore Puritan- dominated government, instead they created a new royal colony of Massachusetts. |
| Dominion of England | combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one “supercolony” governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a “supergovernor” | It was a centralized imperial system in America. Abolished the existing colonial legislatives. |
| The Enlightenment | emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity | Enlightenment thinkers believed men and women could observes, analyze, and improve their world. Advanced: the lawlike order of nature,power of human reason,the natural rights of individuals, and right to self-government. |
| The Great Awakening | began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities | Sparked a religious revival among farmers, artisans, and laborers. Challenged authorities of ministers. Churches founded colleges to educate their youth and train minsters |
| Deists | believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine | Deist God was a rational being that didn't intervene directly into people's lives.Rejected authority of Bible. |
| George Whitefield | Young English revivalist who was a powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity | His success was owed to the way he looked almost evangelical. He spoke from memory, raised his voice for dramatic effect. He told listeners they all had sinned and needed to seek salvation. |
| Jonathan Edwards | Puritan minister, led revivals | stressed immediate repentance |
| New Lights vs. Old Lights | New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other | Old Lights denounced New Lights for allowing women to speak in public. |
| Albany Plan of Union | colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, “Grand Council”); never took effect | Created by Benjamin Franklin |
| French and Indian War | French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn’t need English protection; more independent stand against Britain | |
| Pequot War | Massachusetts and Connecticut settlers and allies versus the Pequot | The settlers captured and killed most Pequot driving the tribe to near extinction |
| Proclamation of 1763 | prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth.required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | angered colonists; the line was to keep peace with the Natives |
| Salutary Neglect | Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self- government, international trade agreements | Robert Walpole’s idea on governing“leave well enough alone" as long as the colonies were profitable to British manufacturers and merchants. |
| Writs of Assistance | search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis | |
| Townshend Act (1767) | similar to Navigatio; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries | |
| Sugar Act | increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to enforce existing tariffs | Actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) Created the vice-admiralty courts and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies. |
| Stamp Act | taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives | Americans resisted because they weren’t in Parliament: James Otis: “no taxation without representation” |
| Stamp Act Congress | held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed | Americans learn unity, using intellectual reason to go against the British (John Dickinson hoped to bring pressure to Parliament). They adopted fourteen resolutions & a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” addressed to the king |
| Virginia Resolves | “no taxation without representation,” introduced by Patrick Henry | |
| Currency Act | prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy | Attempted to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money. |
| Virtual Representation | all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote | |
| The Loyal Nine | group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city | |
| Sons of Liberty | organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated non-importation | he group was made up of mostly shopkeepers |
| Declaratory Act | allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists’ say | |
| Boston Massacre | British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter | piece of propaganda (before Tea Act) |
| Battle of Yorktown | last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies | |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland | |
| American society during the Revolution | British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved | |
| Articles of Confederation | states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments;Gave too much power to states. | National government unable to regulate commerce and taxes |
| Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786) | foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state | |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories | Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.Success of A of C |
| Alexander Hamilton | pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party | secretary of treasury. Hamilton believed in funding: where the federal government would establish its credit by repaying the Confederation debt in full at face value. |
| James Madison | strong central government, separation of powers, “extended republic” | Speaker of the House. He opposed rewarding speculators by paying them on a pat with payments to patriots who had lent the government money during the Revolution. |
| Shays’s Rebellion | mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government | They resented the state’s taxation policies, which favored mercantile interests in Boston, and Boston’s political domination of the state. The rebellion was easily suppressed; |
| Connecticut Compromise | advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population | |
| Virginia Plan | bicameral congressional representation based on population | drafted by James Madison |
| New Jersey Plan | equal representation in unicameral congress | Propose by William Patterson |
| Commerce Compromise | congress could tax imports but not exports | |
| Federalism | strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution | |
| Articles’ achievement | system for orderly settlement of West | |
| Federalists vs Anti-Federalists | Anti-Federalists wanted states’ rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people. | Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights |
| The Federalist Papers | written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800) | It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction; compromise between nationalists and advocates for states’ rights | granted the Supreme Court a controversial power to order federal officials to carry out their legal responsibilities. |
| Bill of Rights | protected rights of individual from the power of the central government | The first ten amendments to the Constitution that spells out the rights of individuals and small groups |
| Bank of the United States | Hamilton’s plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution | Alexander Hamilton conceived of the bank to handle the colossal war debt — and to create a standard form of currency |
| Report on Public Credit | proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank | funding of new national securities as a permanent national debt, in order to enhance the revenue and fiscal system of the national government, creating a large body to which many wealthy citizens would belong and support, bringing about its prosperity |
| Report on Manufactures (tariffs) | Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers, promote emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology | Hamilton wanted a dual system of agriculture and manufacturing. To achieve this he advocated tariffs and duties on foreign goods, inventions, and development of industries |
| Pietism | emotional, evangelical religious movement. Stressed a Christian's personal relation to God. | Attracted many people especially among farmers, and urban laborers. Appealed to the emotions rather than the minds. |
| Strict vs Loose interpretation of the Constitution | loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank) | strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Western Pennsylvanian farmers’ violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent | whiskey was cheap Hamilton put a tax for seven cents; Washington threatened attacking with an army |
| Citizen Genet | Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St Augustine | |
| James Madison | He opposed rewarding speculators by paying them on a pat with payments to patriots who had lent the government money during the Revolution | |
| Impressment | British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain | |
| Jay’s Treaty | provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes | |
| Nullification | states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional | |
| Federalists and Republicans | the two political parties that formed following Washington’s presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments | |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency | |
| Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 | response to French attempts for alliance with US | |
| XYZ Affair | French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people | |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists | |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional | James Madison:Virginia Resolutions, Thomas Jefferson : Kentucky Resolutions. Both=similar argument: The states could nullify within their borders those laws= unconstitutional. no other states followed with similar actions. |
| Citizen Genet | Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine | |
| Election of 1800 | Adams, Jefferson, and Burr:Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie | |
| Barbary Pirates | North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers | |
| Midnight judges | judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed | |
| Marbury v Madison | John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional | It established judicial review |
| Lewis and Clark expedition | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on “Voyage of Discovery” | |
| Non-Intercourse Act | sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing | which permitted trade with all nations except France and Britain, and offered the promise of normal commerce if the belligerents respected America’s neutral rights |
| Macon’s Bill No 2 | president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality | reopened legal trade but threatened to cut off trade with any nation interfering with American commerce |
| Embargo Act (1807) | Hurt American economy.This legislation prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed their restrictions on US trade. | The Act crippled American exports, hurting farmers and merchants and prompting Federalists to demand its repeal |
| War hawks | Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812) | |
| Henry Clay and the American System | Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (eg , support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank) | expanded upon later by Friedrich List, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency;defense against cheap foreign products |
| William Henry Harrison | military hero from War of 1812;elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler | |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison’s campaign for presidency | overnor William Henry Harrison marched on Propherstown, fended off the confederation’s warriors at the Battle of Tippecanoe, and burned the town to the ground. |
| Hartford Convention | December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party | |
| Essex case | Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention | |
| Era of Good Feelings | Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, andtobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightenedcredit, affected West the most) | |
| James Monroe | provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine | |
| Missouri Compromise (1820) | Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30’ | Engineered by Henry Clay to end an angry North-South sectional split over the application for statehood, with slavery, of Missouri Territory |
| Tallmadge Amendment | no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at | |
| Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) | agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes | |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US,boundary of Mexico defined | |
| Monroe Doctrine | Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;supported Washington’s goal for US neutrality in Americas | the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. Monroe stated that any such European actions would be regarded as an act of war against the U.S. |
| John C. Calhoun | opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property) | |
| Panic of 1819 | Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly | |
| Election of 1824 | “corrupt bargain” and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson | |
| Tariff of Abominations | under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade | |
| Jackson’s Presidency | focused on the “Common Man;” removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto | |
| Transportation Revolution | river traffic, road building, canals(esp Erie), rise of NYC | |
| Erie Canal | goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways | |
| National Road | part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WV a, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion | |
| Indian Removal Act | Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory | It gave the president power to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi. Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange for lands to the west. |
| Five Civilized Tribes | Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; “civilized” due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion | |
| Cherokee Nation v Georgia | first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation | |
| Worcester v Georgia | Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes | Georgia had taken all of the Cherokee land and when Cherokee said it was unfair, the Supreme Court ignored them. So, financed by the Cherokee, Worcester sued for his release on the grounds that Georgia was violating Cherokee treaties with the U.S. |
| Spoils System | “rotation in office;”Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy | patronage—appointing positions, handing them out as favors |
| Kitchen Cabinet | Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet | |
| Lowell mill/system | young women employed by Lowell’s textile company, housed in dormitories | paternalistic textile factory system:employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods. Emphasis was placed on mechanization and standardization |
| Cotton Gin | allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, less need for slaves | xtracted the seeds from short-staple cotton, which grew easily in the South. |
| Nullification Controversy | southern states (especially SouthCarolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal law unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them | |
| South Carolina Exposition and Protest | written by Calhoun,regarding tariff nullification | |
| Bank of the United States | destroyed by Jackson on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution | |
| Pet banks | small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury | |
| Independent Treasury Bill | government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations; “America’s Second Declaration of Independence” | |
| Maysville Road Veto | vetoed by Jackson on the count that government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one state | |
| Liberty Party | supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society | |
| Specie | paper money; specie circular decreed that the government would not accept specie for government land | |
| Whig Party | believed in expanding federal power on economy, encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on the local level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson) | |
| John C Calhoun | opposed Polk’s high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner | vice president that drafted the South Carolina Exposition and Protest. He was also involved with the Wilmot Proviso |
| Marshall Court (all cases) | Marbury v Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), | Gibbons v Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties’ consent) |
| Second Great Awakening | religious movements, traveling“meetings,” rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G Finney | Charles Finney claimed to have been summoned by God to save souls A religious revival, strong “burned over district” of Southern N.Y.New versions of Protestants: Mormonism, Quakers, & Shakers (believed in God; didn’t have sex). social: drinking problem |
| Burned-Over District | heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstate New York, home to the beginning of Smith’s Mormonism movement | In Southern NY |
| Horace Mann | worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix | often called the Father of the Common School, began his career as a lawyer and legislator.He spearheaded the Common School Movement, ensuring that every child could receive a basic education funded by local taxes. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement (“Am I not a woman and a sister” picture of slave woman) | doesn’t believe in violence and his argument was based upon Christian beliefs. A Boston evangelical who worked with Benjamin Lundy in publishing The Genius of Emancipation. He believed slavery to be the most abominable sins. |
| Frederick Douglass | runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star | Educated himself. Wrote his biography of the horrors of slavery |
| Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 | for women’s rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence | promoted ‘Declaration of Sentiments’. Women rights: 1842. Model of ‘Declaration of Independence.’ Came up by Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization | |
| Angelina and Sarah Grimké | fought for women’s rights and abolition, “Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!” | |
| Dorothea Dix | an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane | through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums |
| John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community | John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage | |
| New Harmony | first Utopian society, by Robert Owen | |
| Hudson River School | American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects | |
| Transcendentalism | founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature(intellectual movement) | Core beliefs were an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote “The American Scholar” | |
| Henry David Thoreau(Wa l d e n and On Civil Disobedience) | in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two yearswritingWalden, proved that man could provide for himselfwithout materialistic wants | |
| Nat Turner’s Rebellion | Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation | most powerful rebellion: August 21: killed 60 whites and recruited slaves. Southerners blamed white abolitionists like Garrison for making all the slaves know they can fight against their owners. |
| Yeoman Farmers | family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners | |
| Underground Railroad | network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom | |
| Harriet Tubman | worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom | |
| Wage slaves” | northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age) | |
| Nativism | anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics | |
| The Alamo | Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, “Remember the Alamo” | The name given to an old, largely abandoned mission compound in San Antonio, Texas. It became the symbol of Texan independence when, in March 1836, Mexican president Santa Anna defeated a handful of defenders there and executed the survivors. |
| Stephen Austin | American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico | |
| James K Polk | “dark horse” Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury | |
| Oregon and “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” | Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40’ | the demand for the annexation of all of the Oregon country Already many residents were casting their eyes on the Oregon country region that stretched 54° 40’ border with Russian Alaska |
| Manifest Destiny | stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk | Americans feeling that they have rights over others (Indian/slaves |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas | |
| Wilmot Proviso | slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress | |
| California Gold Rush | gold discovery in Sutter’s Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West | |
| William Seward | Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson;purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly” | |
| Compromise of 1850 | (1) California admitted as free state, (2)territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, | (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A Douglas |
| Fugitive Slave Act | runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property – running away was as good as stealing) | |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin | depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South | A sympathetic portrait of the situation of slaves made Northerners more sympathetic to the slaves.Biggest piece of propaganda. |
| Know-Nothing (American) Party | opposed to all immigration,strongly anti-Catholic | derisive name for the American party of the 1850s, an anti-immigration and anti-Catholic movement that won control of several states between 1852 and 1854, electing forty-three members of Congress |
| Popular Sovereignty | the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery | |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A Douglas | Douglas organized the region on the basis of popular sovereignty.The first attempt to apply the doctrine of popular sovereignty in determining the status of slavery occurred in Kansas. |
| “Bleeding Kansas” | border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre | Led by John Brown |
| Lecompton Constitution | proslavery constitution in Kansas,supported by Buchanan, free soilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession | |
| John Brown | led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God’s work | white American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery. He led the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859 |
| Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856) | John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress | |
| Republican Party | formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential Candidate | |
| Harpers Ferry (1859) | Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North; South thought the Northerners were all like this and believed they only had one escape, to secede from the Union | |
| Dred Scott v Sandford | slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress was not able to prohibit slavery in a state | Decision made by Taney. slaves were private property, and, being private property, can't be taken away from their owners without due process. |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) | over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery | |
| Freeport Doctrine | Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property | |
| Fort Sumter | first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina | |
| 20-Negro Law | exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; “rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” | |
| Anaconda plan | the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico | |
| Ulysses S Grant | won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general) | |
| William T Sherman | pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, “march to the sea” (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina | |
| Robert E Lee | opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army | |
| Battle of Antietam | Lee’s attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again | bloodiest single-day battle in the Civil War:the battle proved a Union victory in that Lee halted his Confederate advance northward. Lincoln responded to this victory by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union’s moral cause in the war | Did not have an immediate effect of freeing slaves. Enlarged the purpose of the war. Issued as well so Britain would not ally with the Confederates. |
| Battle of Gettysburg | Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett’s Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to etreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invadeNorth again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation overunion) | the battle proved a decisive victory for the Union |
| New York City draft riots (1863) | drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned | were a protest against the Conscription Act, and particularly the "rich man's exemption." Prompted in particular by the Irish-American community, the riots featured looting, lynching, and pillaging. |
| Military Reconstruction Act (1867) | South divided into 5military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment | |
| Compromise of 1877 | South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president | Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only if the Republicans acceded to various parts, specifically: the removal of all Federal troops from the former Confederate States. |
| Quartering Act | March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | Part of the Intolerable Acts |
| George Grenville | Prime Minister of Britain | He believed in reducing the financial burden on the British by enacting new taxes in the colonies. |
| Daughters of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. | |
| Salutary Neglect | contributed to the rise of American self- government | Royal Bureaucrats relaxed their supervision of internal colonial affairs, focusing instead on defense and trade. |
| John Locke | Emphasized the impact of environment, experience, and reason on human behavior | The character of individuals and societies was not fixed by God’s will but could be changed through education and purposeful action |
| Two Treatises on Government | By John Locke, advanced the theory that political authority was not given by God to monarchs, but was derived from social compacts that the people made to preserve their “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property | |
| Quakers “Members of the Society of Friends” | Became a dominant social group in Pennsylvania ,first because of their numbers later because of their wealth and influence; Were Pacifists, and dealt peaceably with Natives buying their land; | Extended their egalitarian values emphasized by their faith to their relations with blacks, Women spoke with near equality to men, envisioned a Peaceable Kingdom |
| Chesapeake Bay Colonies | Maryland and Virginia :Tobacco was the basis of the economy; Maryland founded by Baltimore, was to be a refuge for English Catholics; | set on a policy of religious toleration, in 1649 a Toleration Act was passed to protect Catholics. |
| Constitutional Convention | Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as President of the convention. | The Convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted by James Madison. |
| Gibbons v Ogden | the Supreme Court defined Congress’s constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce | Thus Gibbons became the basis in later years for Congress’s regulation of all interstate communication |
| Tea Act 1773 | eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. | Parliament planned to use the profits from tea sales to pay the salaries of the colonial royal governors, a move which particularly angered colonists. |
| Thomas Paine, Common Sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine and published in January 1776. In splendid prose, Paine vilified George III as a tyrant and condemned the institution of monarchy. | Aroused the colonists to rebel against the King. Mixed insults with biblical quotations. |
| Judiciary Act 1789 | This act of the First Congress established the structure of the federal judiciary, the basic structure of which has remained intact. The 1789 act created two lower levels of courts. Federal district courts, each with a district judge, lowest level | the 1789 act granted the Supreme Court a controversial power to order federal officials to carry out their legal responsibilities. |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | To avoid political parties and avoid entangling alliances. | Nobody listens to avoiding political parties: parties appear immediately |
| Alien and Sedition Act | promoted by Federalists under John Adams. Jefferson counters this: 5-14 years for citizenship: they can’t vote. | unconstitutional. the legislation sponsored by the Federalists was also intended to quell any political opposition from the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson. |
| American Temperance Society | established in 1826.The society benefited from, and contributed to, a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolition of slavery, expanding women’s rights, temperance, and the improvement of society | Women were mostly identified with this movement. |
| Monitor and the Merrimack | The Monitor vs. Merrimack duel was also important because the ease with which these two ironclads destroyed wooden sailing ships was to revolutionize the future of naval warfare | To protect their homes and husbands from the evils of alcoholic excess women joined the Independent order of Good Templar, a temperance organization. |
| Gibbons vs. Ogden: | R. Fulton & R. Livingston. They have a steamboat company, exclusive right to carry passengers on Hudson River. [Monopoly: one of the operators carries passengers from NY to NJ]. Federal government regulates interstate commerce. | |
| Dartmouth College vs. Woodward | WA wants Dartmouth to be state institution supreme court says no upholding. Contracts can’t be violated by states established 'sanctity of contracts | |
| McCulloch vs. Maryland | MD wants to tax a branch of national banks (prevented from doing)=emphasizes supremacy of national government= reinforces the idea that nation bank can exist through implied power | |
| Lincoln’s 10 percent plan | It decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation. | The next step in the process would be for the states to formally elect a state government. Also, the states were able to write a new constitution, but it had to abolish slavery. |
| Radical reconstruction | They passed legislation over President Johnson's vetoes. They passed constitutional amendments against his wishes. Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, and the Republican faction that called themselves "radicals" led efforts to extend suffrage to freed | |
| Black codes | name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson | These laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations. |
| Freedman’s Bureau | federal agency administered by the army, established in March 1865. President Johnson’s July 1866 veto of a bill extending the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau created tension between the president and congressional Republicans into open political conflict | Its purpose was to provide food, clothing, and medical treatment to former slaves and white refugees and to supervise the distribution of small farms carved out of abandoned and confiscated lands. |
| Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments | Thirteen Amendment: abolished slavery as a legal institution. Fourteenth Amendment: grant citizenship to "All persons born or naturalized in the United States". | Fifteenth Amendment: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." |
| Scalawags and carpetbaggers | derisive terms applied by southern Democrats to northerners who came to the South after the war to loot the defeated states | (carpetbaggers)Northern Newcomers.(scalawags)Southern Republicans |
| Sharecropping System | system of agriculture or agricultural production where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land | Sharecropping gave the poor the opportunity to work the land for themselves. They usually remained in debt to merchants, and dependent to landowners. |
| Ku Klux Klan | a white supremacy organization that was trying to stop black people from voting. | Founded by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. Burned black-owned buildings, and flogged/ murdered freedmen. Congress passed the Force Acts(1870, 1871):gave power to federal authorities to stop KKK violence. |
| Amnesty Act 1872 | Removed the last restrictions on Ex Confederates, except for the top leaders. | Allowed Southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. |
| Civil Rights Act 1875 | Guaranteed accommodations in public places. Prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. | Poorly Enforced. Republicans had become frustrated with trying to reform an unwilling South. |
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