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1st Semester Review
US history review sheet
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| joint stock company | A business where investors pool their wealth in order to earn a profit |
| indentured servant | A person who sold his or her labor in exchange for passage to America |
| Puritans | A member of a group of people from England that settled in Massachusetts bay colony in 1630 and sought to reform the church of England |
| William Penn | A large land owner in America, Quaker, King Charles II gave Penn a large plot of land in America that came to be called Pennsylvania(Penn's Woods) |
| Charter | A written contract issued by the government giving the holder the right to establish a colony |
| House of Burgesses | created in 1619, the FIRST representative assembly in the American colonies |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | a set of laws that were established in 1639 by a Puritan congregation who had settled in the Conecticut Valley and that expanded the idea of representative government |
| Quaker | A person who beleived that all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups |
| Jamestown | The first permanent English Settlement in America; 1607 |
| Royal Colony | A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king |
| Mayflower Compact | An agreement established by the men who sailed to america on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self government |
| Proprietary Colony | a colony with a single owner |
| James Oglethorpe | the founder of Georgia |
| What were the 7 motives for European exploration of North America? | 7 motives are curiosity, wealth, fame (glory), national pride, religion, foreign goods (spices, fur, silver), and faster and cheaper trade routes. |
| What were the motives for English colonization of North America? | The motives were to have a system of mercantilism, a source of raw materials, and to escape religious prosecution. |
| What is the signifigance of the years 1607 and 1620? | In 1607, Jamestown (the first successful English colony) was built. In 1620, Plymouth (the second successful English colony) was built. |
| What is the importance of the Magna Carta, House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact, and Fundamental Orders of Connecticut? | They were all forms of government used in England and in the colonies. They gradually move towards a democracy. |
| Backcountry | a colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mts. through the far western part of the colonies. |
| Smuggling | illegally importing/exporting goods. |
| Overseer | a worker hired to watch over and direct the work of slaves. |
| Subsistence farming | to produce just enough food for the family plus a little extra for trade. |
| Cash Crop | a crop grown by a farmer for money rather than for personal use. EXAMPLE: tabacco |
| Appalachian Mountains | a natural barrier in the colonies; runs from Alabama to Canada |
| Triangular Trade | the transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves,were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America. |
| Diversity | a variety of people |
| Naviagation Acts | a series of laws passed by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies' trade. |
| Indigo | a plant grown in the Southern colonies that yeilds a deep blue dye. |
| What were the economic reasons for the establishment of the 13 colonies? | The colonies developed a system of mercantilism for England, as well as the Navigation Act, which also made England a profit. |
| What were the social reasons reasons for the establishment of the 13 colonies? | Some social reasons for establishment of the English colonies are bragging rights with other states (having colonies in the 'new world') and escaping religious prosecution. |
| How did England try to control the colonies and their trade? | England taxed the colonies and passed the Navigation Acts. |
| What was the signifigance of the triangle trade? | New England won enormous profits from the triangle trade. |
| Explain the reasons for the development of the plantation system. | One reason is that rice and tabacco needed alot of workers to make a profit, so they owned slaves that was "free labor" so they could make a profit. Another reason is |
| How did England try to control the colonies and their trade? | England taxed the colonies and passed the Navigation Acts. |
| What was the signifigance of the triangle trade? | New England won enormous profits from the triangle trade. |
| Explain the reasons for the development of the plantation system. | One reason is that rice and tabacco needed alot of workers to make a profit, so they owned slaves that was "free labor" so they could make a profit. Another reason is that plantations are self sufficient. |
| Describe the major geographical features of each colonial region. | The New England colonies had oceans and good fishing. The middle colonies had open plains good for growing wheat and cotton. The Southern colonies had good farmland for plantations. |
| Describe the major economic activities for each colonial region. | The New England Colonies had alot of merchants. The middle colonies mainly grew and sold cotton and wheat. The Southern colonies grew cash crops like tabacco on plantations. |
| Great Awakening | a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730's and 1740's. |
| Benjamin Franklin | an inventor during the Enlightenment. A few of his inventions are bifocals and oublic libraries. |
| salutary neglect | a hands off policy of England towards the American Colonies during the 1700's. |
| Albany Plan of Union | the formal proposal to unite the colonies, put forth by Benjamin Franklin. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | an order where the British prohibitted the colonies from settling west of the Appalachians mountains. |
| Jonathan Edwards | a well known preacher in the Great Awakening |
| John Locke | said people have the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. |
| John Peter Zenger | stood trial for criticism of New York's governor. |
| George Whitefield | a well known preacher, enthusiastic, known as the "traveling priest" |
| Magna Carta | a document guarenteeing basc political rights in England, approve by King John in 1215 |
| French and Indian War | a conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worldwide stuggle between France and Britain |
| Treaty of Paris | ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained all of North America east of the Mississippi River |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | a revolt against Britsh forts and American settlers in 1763; led in part of Ottawa leader, Pontiac, in response to use of their land and foul treatment |
| Enlightenment | an 18th century movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to obtain knowlege. |
| Parliament | Englands chief law making body |
| What was the Great Awakening and what was its impact on the colonies? | The Great Awakening was a religious movement that began in the New England colonies that had a huge impact on the American Colonies. |
| What was the Enlightenment and what was its impact on the colonies? | The Enlightenment was a time where the use of knowlege and the scientific method was very popular. This also had a huge impact on the colonies. |
| What was the Albany Plan of Union? Whose idea was it? | The Albany plan of Union was proposed by Ben Franklin and was a plan to Unite the colonies (join or die optic). |
| What were the terms of the treaty of Paris 1763? | Britain got all land east of the Mississippi River, France gave New Orleans to Spain, and Spain gave Florida to Britain. |
| How did parliament try to limit the expansion of the colonies in 1763? | Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763, limiting expansion to the Appalachian Mountains. |
| Magna Carta | a document guarenteeing basc political rights in England, approve by King John in 1215 |
| French and Indian War | a conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worldwide stuggle between France and Britain |
| Treaty of Paris | ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained all of North America east of the Mississippi River |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | a revolt against Britsh forts and American settlers in 1763; led in part of Ottawa leader, Pontiac, in response to use of their land and foul treatment |
| Enlightenment | an 18th century movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to obtain knowlege. |
| Parliament | Englands chief law making body |
| What was the Great Awakening and what was its impact on the colonies? | The Great Awakening was a religious movement that began in the New England colonies that had a huge impact on the American Colonies. |
| What was the Enlightenment and what was its impact on the colonies? | The Enlightenment was a time where the use of knowlege and the scientific method was very popular. This also had a huge impact on the colonies. |
| What was the Albany Plan of Union? Whose idea was it? | The Albany plan of Union was proposed by Ben Franklin and was a plan to Unite the colonies (join or die optic). |
| What were the terms of the treaty of Paris 1763? | Britain got all land east of the Mississippi River, France gave New Orleans to Spain, and Spain gave Florida to Britain. |
| How did parliament try to limit the expansion of the colonies in 1763? | Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763, limiting expansion to the Appalachian Mountains. |
| King George III | the British monarchy |
| Quartering Act | a cost saving measure forcing colonists to house British soldiers. |
| Stamp Act | 1st direct tax on the colonies; all legal documents had to carry a stamp |
| Patrick Henry | a member of Virginia's house of Burgesses who called for a resistence on taxing. |
| Boycott | a refusal to buy |
| Sons of Liberty | a secret society that staged protests against the British |
| Townshend Acts | a series of acts placed upon the colonies forcing them to quarter troops and placed import taxes on many items. |
| Writs os Assistance | Search warrants |
| Samuel Adams | a leader of Boston's sons of liberty |
| Boston Massacre | The shooting by British soldiers when fighting broke out; Attucks and 4 others were killed. |
| Comitee of Correspondance | exchanging of letters amongst a group of people over colonial affairs. |
| Boston Tea Party | The dumping of 342 chests of imported tea into Boston Harbor under the cover od darkness by the Sons of Liberty to protest against the tea act. |
| Intolerable Acts | A punishment for the Boston Tea party;Taxes placed upon the colonists (aka coercive acts) |
| 1st Continental Congress | a group of delegates that decided what to do about the taxation from Britain |
| Paul Revere | a second messenger that took a midnight ride to warn the militia that the British are coming. |
| Loyalist | supporters of the British |
| Patriot | sided with the rebels |
| Lexington and Concord | 1st Battle of the revolution "shot heard around the world" |
| 2nd Continental Congress | discussed about forming the Continental Army, George Washington as General |
| Benisict Arnold | played a huge role in the victory at Ticonderoga, then switched to the Britsh Side |
| Thomas Jefferson | writer of the declaration of independence |
| Declaration of Independence | the document written in 1776 that declared independence from Britain |
| Why was Britain taxing the colonies? | Britain was taxing the colonies because they were in debt. |
| Why were the colonists upset about all the taxes being levied by the British? | The colonists were upset becsuse it was taxation without representation. |
| What role did the Sons of Liberty play in protesting against the various acts passed by the British? | The Sons of Liberty played a huge role by boycotting, burning stamps, organising the Boston Tea Party, and more. |
| What was the 1st Continental Congress and what did it accomplish? | The 1st Continental Congress was a group of people that met up and decided that they should ban all trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. |
| How was the Boston Massacre used to show the England was being unreasonable? | The Boston Massacre was used against England b showing them that shooting against the colonists is taking it too far. The colonists also exagerated what actually happened. |
| What was the main idea behind the Declaration of Independence? | The main idea is that the colonies were being taxed without representation and that a break was necessary. |
| Give an example of an unalienable right. | One unalienable right is liberty. |
| George Washington | the commander of the Continental Army |
| mercenary | a professional soldier |
| strategy | an overall plan of action |
| Battle of Saratoga | the turning point of the revolution because the French aided the Americans. |
| bayonet | a long steel knife that is attached to the end of guns |
| desert | to leave the military with no intentions of returning |
| privateer | a privately owned ship that wartime government |
| What role did the Sons of Liberty play in protesting against the various acts passed by the British? | The Sons of Liberty played a huge role by boycotting, burning stamps, organising the Boston Tea Party, and more. |
| What was the 1st Continental Congress and what did it accomplish? | The 1st Continental Congress was a group of people that met up and decided that they should ban all trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. |
| How was the Boston Massacre used to show the England was being unreasonable? | The Boston Massacre was used against England b showing them that shooting against the colonists is taking it too far. The colonists also exagerated what actually happened. |
| What was the main idea behind the Declaration of Independence? | The main idea is that the colonies were being taxed without representation and that a break was necessary. |
| Give an example of an unalienable right. | One unalienable right is liberty. |
| George Washington | the commander of the Continental Army |
| mercenary | a professional soldier |
| strategy | an overall plan of action |
| Battle of Saratoga | the turning point of the revolution because the French aided the Americans. |
| bayonet | a long steel knife that is attached to the end of guns |
| desert | to leave the military with no intentions of returning |
| privateer | a privately owned ship that wartime government gives permission to attack on enemy's merchant ships |
| John Paul Jones | famous sea battle "I have not yet begun to fight" |
| Lord Cornwallis | The British General |
| guerrilla | (warfare) small band of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise raids and hit and run attacks |
| Battle Of Yorktown | the last battle of the American Revolution; trapped the British on all sides |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | officialy ended the war |
| Valley Forge | where the Continental Army stayed for the winter, MANY deaths, Thomas Paine's THE CRISIS |
| Marquis de Lafayette | A French Military leader that trained the army and supported George Washington |
| What role did George Washington play in the American Revolution? | George Washington was the commander of the Cntinental Army. |
| What were the conditions like at Valley Forge? | The conditions were HORRIBLE. There was lack of food, clothing, shelter, and there was many deserting and deaths. |
| How did the counties of Spain and France help the Americans? | France and Spain sent the Americans supplies and support. |
| What were the advantages of the Americans during the war? | The Americans had better knowleg of the land,vast territory to subdue, better military leaders, and they were fighting for a just cause. |
| What were the advantages of the British during the war? | The British had more people, better supplies, better trained army, stronger navy, and loyalist support. |
| What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris 1783? | The treaty stated that the U.S. would be independent, the boundaries were the Appalachians, Canada, and Spanish Florida, American could fish off the Canadian coast, each state would repay their debt, the British would release all prisoners, loyalist land. |
| Aritcles of Confederation | a document that outlined a new government for the U.S.; was very WEAK |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | land would be plotted into 6 square mile plots, or townships, in the western lands |
| Northwest Territory | all of the western lands the Americans gained in the Treaty of Paris |
| Northwest Ordinance | described how the Northwest territory was to be governed |
| Shay's Rebellion | an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers |
| Constitutional Convention | a meeting in Philadelphia where a new government was organized |
| James Madison | A delegate at the convention; came prepared |
| Virginia Plan | a bicameral legislature government system where the number of representatives relied solely on population |
| New Jersey Plan | a unicameral government plan where the number of representatives was equal for all states |
| Great Compromise | A plan to satisfy both houses; combined the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey plan |
| Three Fifths Compromise | only 3/5 of the slaves would count for setting taxes and representation |
| Federalists | People who supported the constitution |
| Anti-federalists | People who opposed the constitution |
| Federalist Papers | papers written in response to the anti federalist attacks. |
| George Mason | an anti-federalist |
| Bill of rights | the first 10 amendments guarentee rights |
| What were the Stregnths and weaknesses of the articles of confederation? | |
| Shay's Rebellion | an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers |
| Constitutional Convention | a meeting in Philadelphia where a new government was organized |
| James Madison | A delegate at the convention; came prepared |
| Virginia Plan | a bicameral legislature government system where the number of representatives relied solely on population |
| New Jersey Plan | a unicameral government plan where the number of representatives was equal for all states |
| Great Compromise | A plan to satisfy both houses; combined the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey plan |
| Three Fifths Compromise | only 3/5 of the slaves would count for setting taxes and representation |
| Federalists | People who supported the constitution |
| Anti-federalists | People who opposed the constitution |
| Federalist Papers | papers written in response to the anti federalist attacks. |
| George Mason | an anti-federalist |
| Bill of rights | the first 10 amendments guarentee rights |
| What were the Stregnths and weaknesses of the articles of confederation? | The articles had the power to wage war, issue money, make peace, and sign treaties, but the National Government was so weak that they couldnt issue taxes. |
| Explain what the Land Ordinance of 1787 did and why it was important to the future of the nation. | The Land Ordinance of 1787 just made an organized way to settling in the western lands. This was important because we might not have the same states we do today if the process wasn't so orderly. |
| What roles did George Washington, James Madison, Roger Sherman, and Ben Franklin have at the convention? | George Washington was the president, James Madison came up with the Virginia Plan, Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise, and Ben Franklin was a peace maker at the convention. |
| Who were the leading federalists and anti-federalits? | A leading federalist was James Madison and a leading anti federalist was George Mason. |
| Why are the Federalist papers significant? | They helped convince the antifederalists into accepting the constitution. |
| Why was the Bill of Rights added to the constitution? | The Anti-federalists wanted their rights to be secure before they accepted the new contitution. |
| Popular Sovereignty | a government in which the people rule |
| Republicanism | People exercise their power by voting for their political representatives |
| Federalism | a system of government where power is divided in between a national government and smaller political units |
| Seperation of Powers | the division of basic government roles into 3 branches |
| Checks and balances | each branch checks over the others |
| Limited Government | "rule of law" everyone must obey the laws |
| Individual rights | personal liberties and freedoms |
| Preamble | The introduction to the constitution |
| Which article of the constitution dicusses the executive branch? | The 2nd Article discusses the executive branch. |
| Which article of the constitution dicusses the judicial branch? | The 3rd Article discusses the judicial branch. |
| Which article of the constitution dicusses the legislative branch? | The 1st Article discusses the legislative branch. |
| What is the purpose of a veto? | To make sure the legislative branch doesn't get too powerful. |
| Which amendment defines the 5 freedoms. list them. | The 1st Amendment defines them; They are freedom of speech, Freedom of religion, Freedom of the Press, Freedom to petition, and Freedom of Assembly. |
| Which amendment was created due to the Quartering Act? | The 3rd Amendment was created due to the quartering act. |
| The abuse of the writs of assistance by the British led to which amendment? | The abuse of the writs of Assistance by the British was the cause of the 4th amendment. |
| Democracy | ruled directly by the citezens, opinions of the people |
| Republic | A government where people vote for their reperesentatives |
| Parliamentary Democracy | A democracy headed by a cabinet, parliament, or legislative body |
| Absolute monarchy | ruled by a hereditary kind or queen/emperor |
| Cermonial monarchy | The monarch is just a figure, doesnt really do anything |
| Constitution monarchy | the monarch's power is resricted by a written constitution |
| Dictatorship | hold absolute power and break laws when they see fit EXAMPLE: Hitler |
| Communism | ruled by a group of people; alternative to representative government |
| 1607 | Jamestown founded |
| 1620 | Plymouth founded |
| 1754 | Start of the French and Indian war |
| 1763 | end of French and Indian War |
| 1770 | Boston Massacre |
| 1773 | Boston Tea Party |
| 1775 | Battle of Lexington and Concord/ revolution begins |
| 1776 | Declaration of Independence is signed |
| 1777 | Battle of Saratoga/ turning point |
| 1783 | Treaty of Paris |
| 1787 | Constitutional Convention is held |
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