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HIST1301 11-3-4-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nat Turner | A preacher & prophet who led a group of slaves in Southampton County, Virginia killing nearly sixty whites in a bloody rebellion;Southern whites quarantine;New laws restricted the rights of slaves to move,assemble, or learn to read and write |
| Gabriel Prosser | A Virginia slave who mobilized a large band of his fellows to march on Richmond but white suppressed the uprising |
| Brer Rabbit Stories | Folktales that slaves passed down that showed how a small, defenseless animal could overcome a bigger and stronger on through cunning and deceit;it served as an allegory for the black view of the master-slave relationship |
| Hinton R. Helper | Wrote"The Impending Crisis of the South",an appeal to nonslaveholders to resist the planter regime suppressed but slaves who heard abolitionist talk or read antislavery literature inspired to rebel;New law made teaching slaves to read and write a crime |
| Cotton Gin | Used to separate seeds from fibers of cotton enabled slave to clean 50X more, which reduced production costs & gave new life to slavery. Lower transportation cost because monopolize land along rivers & streams:South's natural arteries of transportation. |
| Young America Movement | Stood for a positive attitude toward the market economy and industrial growth, more aggressive foreign policy & a celebration of America's unique strengths and virtues; Favored enlarging the national market by acquiring new territory |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | "Young America" who told merchants and manufacturers that the nation was entering a new era of commercial development, technological progress, and territorial expansion;Annexation of TX, claim on Oregon, & new territories from MEX. |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty | American(S.o.S Daniel Webster) Vs. Canada([B]Lord Ashburton); Border between Maine and New Brunswick. Gave more than half of the disputed territor to the U.S. & established a definite northeastern boundary w/ Canada |
| Sam Houston | General who led 700 men in a assault on Santa Anna's encampment near the San Jacinto River,defeated MEX.forces,capture Santa Anna, & MEX.leader forced to sign treaties recognizing TEX.independence & its claim to territory all the way to the RioGrande. |
| Oregon Trail | The great overland route that brought the wagon trains of American migrants to the West Coast;After small groups had made their way to both Oregon and Cali.;Migrants were quick to demand the extension of full american soverignty over the Oregon Country. |
| Joseph Smith | founder of Mormonism;published "Book of Mormon"; western Zion to practice faith & convert NativeAmericans;polygomy;killed by mob while in jail confirm growing conviction of Mormon leadership need to move west |
| Mormons | Settlers moving west;most succuessful religious denomination founded exclusively on American soil, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints;establish communitites in Ohio&Missouri;bankrupt in "Panic" |
| Brigham Young | Smith's successor who arrived in Utah(state of Deseret) sent word that he found promised land;establish Mormon community;"made the desert bloom";American Sovereignty;fought to maintain autonomy&polygomy against FEDS;Pres.Buchanan use diplomacy > force |
| James K.Polk | Simultaneous annexation of TEX. & assertion of American claims to all of Oregon;Won fall election |
| Manifest Destiny | O'Sullivan 3MainIdea:God was on side of American expansionism,"free development",population growth required the outlet that territorial acquisitions would provide.Peaceful process or by force, up to POLK |
| "Fifty-four forty or fight" | American Vs. Great Britain; the willingness of some Americans to go to war over Oregon. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | Nicholas Trist signed treaty that gained all the concessions commissioned to obtain;ceded NewMexico&Cali. for 15m;established Rio Grande as border of Mex.&Tex.;U.S. Gov. assue substantial claims of American citizens against Mex. |
| California Gold Rush | Encouraged thousands of emigrants;gold spurred national economy, and rapid growth of population inspired projects:transcontinental telegraph lines & railroad tracks;economic growth,substantial increase in Industrial&Urban,& a new American work class. |
| Mexican Cession | U.S. gained half a million square mi. of territory (California,Utah,NewMxico&Arizona & parts of Colorado&Wyoming);Southern boundary resolved by Gadsden Purchase |
| Santa Fe Trail | Trail from Missouri, to Santa Fe;Hazardous but profits from exchange of textiles& manufactured goods for furs, mules and precious metals worth the risk;MEX.Gov. passed tariff banned import of goods sold by Ameri.merchants&prohibit export of gold |
| Santa Anna | General Antonio Lopez who abolished federal system of government; His new policy of enforcing tariff reulation by military force;when Texans were resisting he sent reinforcements, war broke out and were forced to surrender. |
| Battle of the Alamo | Sam Houston Vs. Santa Anna;Texas declare itself republic;Texas detachment surrouned&captured marched to Golid & 350 executed "Goliad massacre" |
| James Fannin | After being outnumbered and surrendering to Mexican forces at the Battle of Coleto Creek, Colonel Fannin and nearly all his 342 men were executed soon afterward at Goliad, Texas, under Santa Anna's orders for all rebels to be executed. |
| Lone Star Republic | Texas Independence recognized;population rosed dramatically;Mexicans rejected the Lone Star Republic's unjustified claim to the unsettled territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande;War broke out |
| rancheros | AKA large landowners captured & aroused Anglo traders & visitors to california through their flamboyant lifestyle, superb horsemanship, and taste for violent and dangerous sports |
| Preston Brooks | Representative of S.Carolina who battered Charles Sumner over the head w/a cane; hailed as a martyr to the cause of "free soil";bully, that was lionized by fellow Southerners and won re-election nobody opposed. |
| Charles Sumner | Anti-slavery senator of Mass. who had recently given a speech condemning the South for plotting to extend slavery to the Kansas Territory & who was battered with a cane by Preston Brooks |
| "second party system" | Democrats Vs. Whigs-survived crisis over slavery in the Mexican cession;Split the Whigs into Free-Soil&Republicans; system collapse released sectional agitation from the constraints imposed by the competittion of strong national parties |
| Wilmot Proviso | Pennsylvania Democrat who proposed an amendment to the military appropriations bill that would ban slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico; did not pass |
| Free Soil Party or Movement | third party proposed to exclude slavery from federal territories and nominated Van Buren. Most free-soilers eventually became Republicans. |
| Popular sovereignty | AKA squatter sovereignty meant that settlers could vote slavery up or down at the first meeting of a territorial legislature;Democrats nominated Cass on this platform |
| Lewis Cass | Senator of Michigan who was an aspirant for the party's presidential nomination;he wanted to leave the determination of the status of slavery in a territory to the actual settlers;Popular sovereignty |
| Compromise of 1850 | 5 congressionial statutes temporarily calmed the sectional crisis;compromise made California a free state,ended slave trade in the Distric of Columbia,strengtheneed the Fugitive Slave law;1/2 compensation to TX for giving up claims NM paid TX bondsholders |
| Henry Clay | "great pacificator" offered series of resolutions meant to restore sectional harmony; admit Cali. as a freestate & organized the rest of MEX.cession w/no explicit prohibition of slavery |
| Zachary Taylor | tried to engineer the immediate admission of Cali. & NM to the Union as states, bypassing the territorial stage entirely and eliminating questions about slavery;failed & made it worse; |
| Know-Nothing Party | Anti-immigrant party;Political objective was to extend to the period of natualization in order to undercut immigrant voting stength and to keep aliens in their place;appealed to native-born workers;won control of a number of state gov.; its collapsed |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, split Louisiana Purchase into 2 territories, and allowed its settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty;enflamed slavery issue &led opponets to form the Republican;small-scale civil war broke out |
| Stephen Douglas | Democrat who replace Whig;Leader of compromise movement and maneuvered the separate provision of the plan through Congress;Popular sovereignty;slavery;K&N act |
| Republican Party | Political party established following the enctment of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; Republicans were opposed to the extensionn of slavery into the western territories |
| "free-state" capital of Kansas | "sack of Lawrence";Anti-slavery John Brown and followers murdered 5 proslavery settlers in cold blood;Bleeding Kansas |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin;book's portrayal of slavery as a threat to family& Cult of Domesticity;Southerners encouraged proslavery textbooks;southern educators and intellectuals rallied behind idea of an independent southern nation |
| Dred Scott case | Dred Scott Vs. Sandford;Missouri slave who sued for his freedom; he been living in a the land of the free |
| Roger Taney | Cheif who made rulings in the Dred Scott case, that a slave was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue in federal courts&he would not win the case;Residence established no right to freedom because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery there |
| John Brown and Harper's Ferry | Abolitionist who led a small band of men across the Potomac River,seizing the federal arsenal and armory;slaves didnt join;failed;executed martyred saint of the antislavery cause |
| Hinton Helper's, Impending Crisis of the South | beseeched lower-classs whites to resist planter dominance and abolish slavery in their own interest;John Sherman endorsed it as a campaign document;had House members carry weapons on floor chamber |
| Who were the candidates in the presidential election of 1860? | North:Lincoln,Douglas South:Breckinridge,&Bell;Lincoln won & political leaders of the lower South launched movement for immediate secession from the Union |
| Confederate constitution | Reopen Atlantic slave trade, count all slaves in determining congressional representation instead of 3/5, and prohibit the admission of free states to the new Confederacy;pass laws protecting slavery in the territories;secessionism |
| Crittenden Plan | John Crittenden's plan to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific to guarantee the protection of slavery in the southwestern territories&amendment that prohibit federal gov. interference which Lincoln & followers opposed |
| Charleston, South Carolina | With already 7 states ceded from the Union, Lincoln had called for a cautious and limited use of force;could not hold out |
| Fort Sumter | Commanded by Lincoln but the Union forces surrendered; South had taken Fort Sumter; Virginia,Arkansas,Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy |
| border states | Maryland,Delaware,Kentucky, & Missouri;Lincoln kept these crucial border states in the Union;Civil War not a stuggle between slave and free states |
| Confederate strategy | North had to invade South; faced less serious supply problem;chose the time and place of combat& could take advantage of familiar terrain and a sympathetic civilian population |
| Winfield Scott | Ordered poorly trained troops under McDowell against the Confederate forces at Bull Run; defeated; and retired;McClellan took his place |
| "anaconda policy" | North would squeeze the South into submission by blockading the southern coasts,seizing control of the mississippi, and cutting off supplies of food and other essential commodities |
| What was one of the South's greatest challenges during the war? | Agriculture; Switch from cotton to foodstuffs, bad internal transportation system;food shortages; financial cost |
| Conscription/draft | No more volenteers; Confederacy passed Conscription law;Congress gave Lincoln right to assign manpower quotas to each state; Both relied on private industry |
| "greenbacks" | America's first paper money not redeemable in gold or silver issued by Lincoln |
| Confederate economy | much less adaptable to the needs of total war;Depenedent on the outside world for most of its manufactured goods; |
| First battle of Bullrun | McDowell Vs. Johnston&Beauregard;first major land battle;Confederates Won; Made the war a reality |
| Battle of Antietam | McClellan caught up with Lee;bloodiest 1-day battle;results was a draw;Lee forced to fall back and McClellan was blamed for letting the enemy escaped |
| King Cotton Diplomacy | failed;Confederacy broke off formal relations with Great Britain;not worth risk for European;Independence for the South had to be won on the battle field |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln proclaimed that slaves of the Confederacy were free;made it an explicit war aim of the North;Gave confederate states to give up within 100 days |
| Thirteenth Amendment | heroic performance of African American troops led to a deepening commitment to emancipation as a permanent policy;Lincoln |
| Vicksburg | Confederacy was effectively split in half. Grant's successes in the West boosted his reputation, leading ultimately to his appointment as General-in-Chief of the Union armies. Overview of the Battle : |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Captured Fort Donelson;first major Union victory;promoted & had other victories at Vicksburg,Lookout Moutain, and Missionary Ridge.Later he was made commander of all Union forces; He accepted Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Virginia |
| Copperheads | Northern Democrats suspected of being indifferent or hostile to the Union cause in the Civil War; "peace at any price" |
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