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Nutrition-H20 SolVit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the water soluble vitamins | Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin C |
| Name the sources of thiamin | Pork, nuts, legumes, unrefined cereal germs, and whole wheat |
| Temperature and pH changes can destroy the activity of thiamin (T/F) | True |
| Describe the thiamin transporter and it's process | -Thiamin is transported through a high-affinity thiamin transporter (SLC19A2 gene) -The High-affinity thiamin transporter is similar to the reduced Folate transporter |
| What is Thiamin-Reponsie megaloblastic anemia? | Thiamin-Responsive megaloblastic anemia is a rare disease associated with a deficiency in the SLC19A2 gene |
| Describe the interconversions of thiamin | TMP -> Thiamin -> TDP -> TTP 1 2 3 1-Phosphatase 2-Pyrophospholkinase 3-Adenylate Kinase |
| Name the Thiamin deficiency diseases | -Known as Beriberi -Poor diets, chronic alcoholism, megaloblastic anemia (transporter), Lactic acidosis, Branched-chain ketoaciduria (branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase), necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (lack of TPP in neural tissues) |
| What is lactic acidosis? | Decreased pyruvate decarboxylase activity |
| Name the thiamin deficiency symptoms | Mental confusion, anorexia, muscular weakness, ataxia, peripheral paralysis, paralysis of motor nerves of the eye, edema (wet beriberi), muscle wasting (dry beriberi), tachycardia, and enlarged heart |
| Name the biochemical assessment of thiamin deficiency | Erythrocyte transketolase test, measurement of blood and/or urinary levels of thiamin, and measurement of blood levels of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate |
| Describe the erythrocyte transketolase test? | RBC's lack mitochondria and use the PPP to regenerate NADPH. Transketolase is a thiamin sensitive enzyme in the PPP. |
| Riboflavin (B2) is required for the synthesis of what two coenzymes? | FAD & FMN |
| What are the functions of riboflavin (B2) | -catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids -oxidative/reduction reactions within the electron transport system |
| What are the significant sources of Riboflavin? | Milk, dairy products, meats, liver, green vegetables, and enriched flours/cereals |
| Which organ absorbs riboflavin from the diet? | Small intestines |
| Describe the absorption of riboflavin | -Absorbed by the small intestines -Transport occurs through a Na+ dependent transporter and passive diffusion -Cell uptake involves two types of transporters (facilitated and simple diffusion) -Riboflavin is typically not stored and is excreted in urin |
| Describe the mechanism that forms FMN and FAD | Riboflavin -> FMN -> FAD 1 2 1-Favokinase 2-FAD Synthetase |
| Name the deficiencies of riboflavin | -Ariboflavinosis -Stunted growth, skin lesions, segorrhic dermatitis, soreness and burning of lips mouth, & tongue;photophobia, buring/itching of eyes, superficial vascularization of cornea, cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, anemia, neuropathy |
| Describe the pathophysiology of ariboflavinosis | -Flavokinase activity is decreased -FAD synthetase activity is increased |
| Describe the biochemical assessment of riboflavin deficiency | -Measuring glutathioine reductase activity from erythrocytes -Measurements of urinary riboflavin excretion for 24 hrs -Measuring riboflavin concentrations in RBC's |
| Niacin is used to synthesize what cofactor | NAD |
| What are the functions of Niacin | -The ox/red Rx of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids -Electron transport |
| Name the niacin (B3) food sources | Meats, poultry, fish, legumes, cereals, and peanuts |
| Describe the absorption and transport process of Niacin (B3) | -Nicotinic acid is absorbed from the small intestines through a Na+ dependent transporter and through passive diffusion -Some absorption of nicotinic acid can occur in the stomach -Niacin is transported or diffuses into cells prior to modification |
| What happens to most of the niacin near the end of the transport/absorption process | Most niacin is reabsorbed from the kidneys and very little is excreted in the urine |
| Name the deficiencies of niacin (B3) | -Pellagra -common in cultures where corn or sorghum are consumed -corn is low in tryptophan, niacin and the niacin found in corn is found in an unavailable form |
| What are the causes of Pellagra (deficiencies of niacin) | Drugs (isoniazid depletes the enzyme needed to convert tryptophan to niacin), Malignant carcinoid (Tryptophan is primarily converted to serotonin), alcoholism, Hartnup's disease (effects intestinal transport and renal absorption of tryptophan) |
| How does the deficiency affect the GI tract | -Decrease in HCl production -Decrease in Vitamin B12 absorption -Fat -Glucose |
| How does the deficiency affect the CNS | Weakness, Lassitude, Anorexia, indigestion, dermatitis (mainly in areas exposed to sunlight), Diarrhea, Dementia |
| What are the Biochemical Assessment of Niacin Deficiency | Measurement of urinary metabolites |
| Describe the niacin toxicities | Niacin flush: Capillary dilation, pain sensation, and redness of the skin |
| Where is biotin commonly found? | Biotin is commonly found in the dietary proteins. The biotin is covalently bound to proteins in our diet |
| Describe the absorption/transport of Biotin | -Biotinidase is a hydrolase that cleaves biotin from proteins/peptides -Biotin is subsequently transported via Na+ dependent multivitamin transporter -A Na+ dependent transporter transports biotin into cells -Biotin is reabsorbed in the kidneys |
| Describe the function of biotin | -Holocarboxylase Synthetase is the enzyme responsible for the addition of Biotin to proteins -Prosthetic group in 4 carboxylase: acetyl CoA carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase |
| Name the food sources for Biotin | -Liver, Baker's yeast, wheat bran, egg yolks |
| Name the biotin deficiency symptoms | Holocarboxylase synthase, biotinidase deficiency, and nutritional deficiencies |
| Holocarboxylase synthase | -occurs shortly after birth -ketoacidosis, seizures, lethargy, comma, and death |
| Biotinidase deficiency | Seizures, hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, hearing loss, optic atrophy, skin rash, and hair loss |
| nutritional deficiencies | Dermatitis, alopecia, hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay |
| What is the function of Pantothenic Acid? | Required for: Fatty acid synthesis, ketone bodies, oxidation of pyruvate, and amino acid metabolism |
| Describe the transport/absorption process of Pantothenic Acid | -Absorption is mediated through the action of a Na+ dependent multivitamin transporter |
Created by:
jgrayson
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