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1st Sem. Exam Review
8th Grade Social Studies
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What year was Jamestown founded? | 1607 |
| What year was Plymouth founded? | 1620 |
| What was the historical significance of the Virginia House of Burgesses? | It was the first representative assembly in colonial America. |
| joint stock company | a business in which investors pool their wealth in order to earn a profit |
| indentured servant | a person who sold his/her labor in exchange for passage to America |
| Puritans | members of a group from England that settled the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 and sought to reform the practices of the Church of England |
| Quaker who founded the colony of Pennslyvania in 1681 | William Penn |
| charter | a written contract issued by government giving the right to establish a colony |
| House of Burgesses | created in 1862, this was the first representative assembly in the American colonies |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | set of laws that were established in 1639 and expanded the idea of representative government |
| Quaker | a person who believed all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups |
| Jamestown | the first permanent English settlement in North America |
| pilgrims | members of a group that rejected the Church of England, sailed to America, and founded the Plymouth colony in 1620 |
| royal colony | a colony rules by governors appointed by a king |
| a soldier who took control and helped the growth of Jamestown | John Smith |
| Mayflower Compact | an agreement established by the the men who sailed on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self-government |
| proprietary colony | a colony with a single owner |
| founder of Georgia in 1732 | James Oglethorpe |
| What were the seven motives for European exploration of North America? | The 7 motives were curiousity, wealth, fame, national pride, religion, foreign goods, and faster trade routes. |
| What were the motives for English colonization of North America? | The motives for English colonizition was that they wanted to keep up with Spain. |
| What is the significance of the years 1607 and 1620? | In 1607 Jamestown was founded, and in 1620 Plymouth was founded. |
| What is the importance of the Magna Carta House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact, and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut? | The importance of all of these is that they led to democracy in the colonies. |
| backcountry | a colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies |
| smuggling | to illegaly import or export goods |
| overseer | a worker hired by a planter to watch over the direct work of slaves |
| subsistence farming | farming that produces enough food for the family with a small additional amount for trade |
| cash crop | a crop grown by a farmer to be sold for money rather than for personal use |
| Appalachian Mountains | a mountain range that stretches from eastern Canada south to Alabama |
| triangle trade | the transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, West Indies, and the colonies of North America |
| diversity | a variety of people |
| navigation acts | a series of laws passed by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies' trade |
| indigo | a plnt grown in the Southern colonies that yields a deep blue dye |
| What were the economic reasons for the establishment of the 13 colonies? | The economic reasons were market and trade. |
| What were the social reasons for the establishment of the 13 colonies? | The social reason was religion. |
| How did England try to control the colonies and their trade? | England tried to control the colonies and their trade by passing the Navigation Acts. |
| What was the significance of the triangle trade? | The significance of the triangle trade was that it was important to New England, West Indies, and the colonies. |
| Explain the reasons for the development of the plantation system. | The reaons for the devlopment of the plantation systems were that the South had valuable plantation crops and it required laborers to work the plantations. |
| Describe the major geographical features of each colonial region. | The New England region had rocky soil, the Middle colonies had fertile soil with vast forests, and the Southern colonies had fertile soil also. |
| Describe the major economic activities for each colonial region. | The New England region did fishing and manufacturing, the Middle colonies did grain production and shipbuilding, and the Southern colonies had plantations with slaves to work them. |
| Great Awakening | a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s |
| Famous American Enlightenment figure | Benjamin Franklin |
| salutary neglect | a hands-off policy of England towards its American colonies during the first half of the 1700s |
| Albany Plan of Union | the first formal proposal to unite the American colonies, put forth by Benjamin Franklin |
| Proclamation of 1763 | an order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| One of the best-known preachers who terrified listeners with images of God's anger but promised they could be saved | Jonathan Edwards |
| English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights; these are life, liberty, and property | John Locke |
| publisher of the New-York Weekly Journal who stood trial for printing criticism of New York's governor in 1735 | John Peter Zenger |
| drew thousands of people with his sermons and raised funds to start a home for orphans | George Whitefield |
| Magna Carta | "Great Charter;" a document garanteeing basic political rights in England, approved by King John in 1215 |
| French and Indian War | a conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worlwide struggle between France and Britain; Britain defeated France and gained French Canada |
| Treaty of Paris 1763 | treaty that ended the French and Indian War; Britain gained all of North America east of the Mississippi River |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | a revolt against British forts and American settlers in 1763, led in part by Ottawa war leader Pontiac, in response to settlers' claims of Native American lands and to harsh treatment by British soldiers |
| Enlightenment | an 18th-century movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to gain knowledge |
| Parliament | England's chief lawmaking body |
| What was the Great Awakening and what was its impact on the American colonies? | It was a religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s; its impact was that it changed the religious make-up of the colonies. |
| What was the Enlightenment and what was its impact on the American colonies? | It was a movement that emphasized reason and science as the paths to knowledge; its impact was that it sparked new interests in education, science and literature. |
| What was the Albany Plan of Union? Whose idea was it? | It was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies, and it was Benjamin's Franklin's idea. |
| What were the terms of the Treay of Paris 1763? | The terms were that Bitain gained all of North America east of the Mississippi River. |
| How did the Parliament try to limit the expansion of the colonies of 1763? | The Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763 to limit the expansion of the colonies. |
| British monarch who wanted to enforce the proclamation and also keep peace with Britain's Native American allies | King George III |
| boycott | a refusal to buy certain goods |
| a leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty | Samuel Adams |
| Boston Tea Party | the dumping of 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act |
| Loyalist | an American colonist who supported the British in the American Revolution |
| American officer who had played a role in the victory at Fort Ticonderoga; he later also bacame a traitor to the American cause for freedom | Benedict Arnold |
| Quartering Act | a law passed by Parliament in 1765 that required the colonies to house and supply British soldiers |
| Sons of Liberty | a group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution |
| Boston Massacre | a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which 5 of the colonists, including Crispus Attucks, were killed |
| Intolerable Acts | series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party |
| Patriot | an American colonist who sided with the rebels in the American Revolution |
| he drafted the Declaration of Independence | Thomas Jefferson |
| Stamp Act | a 1765 law passed by Parliament that required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp showing a tax had been paid |
| Townshend Acts | series of laws passed by Parliament in 1767 that suspended New York's assembly and established taxes on goods brought into the British colonies |
| committee of correspondence | a group of people in the colonies who exchanged letters on colonial affairs |
| 1st Continental Congress | a meeting of delegates in 1774 from all the colonies except Georgia to uphold colonial rights |
| Lexington and Concord | sites in Massachusetts of the first battles of the American Revolution |
| Declaration of Independence | document written in 1776 in which the colonies declared independence from Britain |
| member of the Virginia House of Burrgesses who called for resistance to the tax | Patrick Henry |
| writs of assistance | a search warrant that allowed British officers to enter colonial homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods |
| was charged for spreading the news about British troop movements | Paul Revere |
| 2nd Continental Congress | a governing body whose delegates agreed, in May 1775, to form the Continental Army and to approve the Declaration of Independence |
| Why was Britain taxing the colonies? | Britain owed a large debt from the French and Indian War. |
| Why were the colonists upset by all the taxes being levied by the British? | The colonists were upset because they felt their freedom was being limited by the Parliament. |
| What role did the Sons of Liberty play in protesting the various acts that Britain passed? | They played a role by staging protests against the acts. |
| What was the 1st Continental Congress and what did it accomplish? | It was a meeting of delegates in 1774 to uphold colonial rights; they voted to ban all trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed and that each colony should start training troops. |
| How was the Boston Massacre used to show that England was being unreasonable. | Five unarmed people were killed in the Boston Massacre, which shows that England was being unreasonable. |
| What was the main idea behind the Declaration of Independence? | The main idea is based on the philosophy of John Locke, that people have unalienable rights. |
| Give one example of an unalienable right. | One example of an unalienable right is liberty. |
| commander of the Continental Army | George Washington |
| bayonet | a long steel knife attached to the end of a gun |
| British general who led an army in Camden, South Carolina | Lord Cornwallis |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confieming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation |
| mercenary | a professional soldier hires to fight for a foreign country |
| desert | to leave military duty without intending to return |
| guerrilla | a soldier who weakens the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks |
| Valley Forge | site of Washington's army camp during the winter of 1777-1778 |
| strategy | an overall plan of action |
| privateer | a privately owned ship that has government permission during wartime to attack and enemy's merchant ships |
| Battle of Yorktown | the last major battle of the Revolutionary War, which resulted in the surrender of the British forces |
| 19-year-old French nobleman who volunteered to serve in Washington's Army | Marquis de Lafayette |
| Battle of Saratoga | a series of conflicts between British soldiers and the Continental Army in 1777 that proved to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War |
| naval hero who won the most famous sea battle | John Paul Jones |
| What role did George Washington play in the Revolutionary War? | He was the commander of the Continental Army. |
| What were the conditions like at Valley Forge? | It was a cold, harsh winter. |
| How did the countries of Spain and France help the Americans? | They helped by sending money for supplies. |
| What were the advantages of the British during the war? | The advantages were that they had more troops, supplies, and experience in battle. |
| What were the advantages of the Americans during the war? | The advantages were that they had more motivation, knowledge of the land, better lines of communication, and had outstanding military leadership. |
| What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris 1783? | The terms were that it formally recognized America's independence and set new boundaries. |
| Articles of Confederation | a document, adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the United States |
| Northwest Ordinance | it described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed and set conditions for settlement and settlers' rights |
| he wrote the Bill of Rights | James Madison |
| Great Compromise | the Constitutional Convention's agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house |
| Anti-Federalists | a person who opposed the ratification of the US Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, added in 1791, and consisting of a formal list of citizens' rights and freedoms |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | a law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Shay's Rebellion | an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1787 |
| Virginia Plan | a plan proposed by Edmund Randolph that proposed a government with 3 branches and a two-house legislature in which representation would be based on a state's population or wealth |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | the Constitutional Conventio's agreement to count three-fifths of a state's slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation |
| The Federalist Papers | a series of essays defending and explaining the Constitution |
| Northwest Territory | territory covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785, which included land that formed the states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota |
| Constitutional Convention | meeting held in 1787 to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation; resulted in the drafting of the Constitution |
| New Jersey Plan | a plan of government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that called for a one-house legislature in which each state would have one vote |
| Federalists | supporters of the Constitution |
| Virginian who wouldn't vote for the Constitution until the Bill of Rights was added | George Mason |
| What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? | The strength is that it succesfully waged war against Britain and made a treaty, and the weakness is that they lacked power to tax and had no power over state governments. |
| Explain what the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 did and why they were important to the future of the nation? | The Land Ordinance of 1785 surveyed the land and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 described how it was to be governed; they were important because it set up how to expand the growing US in an orderly way. |
| What role did George Washington, James Madison, Roger Sherman, and Benjamin Franklin have at the Constitutional Convention? | They all were known delegates who took part in the Constitutional Convention. |
| Who were the leading Federalists and who were the leading Anti-Federalists? | The leading federalists were James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton; the leading anti-federalists were Patrick Henry and George Mason. |
| Why are the Federalists Papers significant? | They answered the Anti-federalists' attacks and showed what form of government that the federalists wanted. |
| Why was the Bill of rights added to the Constitution? | It was added so it would ensure that the people had equal rights. |
| Popular Sovereignty | a government in which the people rule |
| Separation of Powers | the division of basic government into 3 branches |
| Individual Rights | personal liberties and privileges garanteed to US citizens by the Bill of Rights |
| Republicanism | the belief that government should be based on the consent od the people; people exercise their power by voting for political representatives |
| Checks and Balances | the ability of each branch of government to exercise checks, or controls, over the other branches |
| Preamble | the introduction of the Constitution |
| Federalism | a system of government where power is shared among the central government and the states |
| Limited Government | the priciple that requires all US citizens, including government leaders, to obey the law |
| Which article of the Constitution expresses the power of the executive branch? | Article 2 expressed the power of the executive branch. |
| Which article of the Constitution expresses the power of the judicial branch? | Article 3 expressed the power of the judicial branch. |
| Which article of the Constitution expresses the power of the legislative branch? | Article 1 expressed the power of the legislative branch. |
| What is the purpose of a veto? | The purpose of a veto is that if the president doesn't like a bill, he can send veto it and send it back. |
| Which amendment defines the 5 freedoms? List those freedoms. | The 1st amendment defines the 5 freedoms; they are the freedom of press, religion, speech, to assemble, and to petition. |
| Which amendment was created due to the Quartering Act? | The amendment that was created due to the Quartering Act was the 3rd Amendment. |
| The abuse of writs of assistance by the British led to which amendement? | The abuse of writs of assistance by the British led to the 4th Amendment. |
| Democracy | a government that is ruled directly by its citizens |
| Republic | a government where the citizens elect representatives to govern for them |
| Parliamentary democracy | a government headed by Parliament and a cabinet |
| Absolute monarchy | a government ruled by a hereditary king, queen, or emperor |
| Ceremonial monarchy | a government where a person is chosen to be a figure of national unity and pride, but have no power to influence the running of the government |
| Constitutional monarchy | a government where the monarch's power is restricted by a written constitution |
| Dictatorship | a government where a person holds absolute power over their citizens and often break laws |
| Communism | a government where a small group of people that totally control state, economy, and press |
| What is the significance of the year 1607? | The significance of 1607 was that Jamestown was founded. |
| What is the significance of the year 1620? | The significance of 1620 was that Plymouth was founded. |
| What is the significance of the year 1754? | The significance of 1754 was that the French and Indian War started. |
| What is the significance of the year 1763? | The significance of 1763 was that the Proclamation of 1763 was passed. |
| What is the significance of the year 1770? | The significance of 1770 was that the Boston Massacre ocurred. |
| What is the significance of the year 1773? | The significance of 1773 was that the Boston Tea Party happened. |
| What is the significance of the year 1776? | The significance of 1776 was that the Declaration of Independence was written. |
| What is the significance of the year 1777? | The significance of 1777 was that the Articles of Confederation was adopted. |
| What is the significance of the year 1783? | The significance of 1783 was that the Treaty of Paris 1783 was adopted. |
| What is the significance of the year 1787? | The significance of 1787 was that the Constitutional Convention was held. |
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