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Toxicology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Perilla mint | pneumotoxin; damages Type I pneumocytes and bronchiolar epithelial cells |
| Ponderosa pine | abortion (last trimester), retained placentas |
| Lupine | "crooked calf disease", arthrogryposis, malpositioning in the uterus, cleft palate |
| Nightshade | contains atropine; CNS (dilated pupils, progressive paralysis, depression) |
| Water hemlock | toxic leaves; grand mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, tachycardia, birth defects (similar to Lupine), death |
| Bracken Fern | thiamine deficiency; neurotoxic |
| Mothballs | heinz body anemia |
| Blue green algae | neurotoxic; postsynaptic depolarizing block; death within minutes |
| Yellow star thistle (Equine) | Nigropallidal encephalomalacia (liquifactive necrosis); dopaminergic ; CS: can't swallow food, ; cumulative toxin over life of animal |
| Fiddleneck (Amsinkckia intermedius) | megalocytosis, fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia |
| Moldy sweet clover | inhibits vitamin K (coagulopathy) |
| St. John's wort | photosensitivity (primary) |
| Buckwheat | photosensitivity |
| Tansy ragwort | pyrrolizidine alkaloid; liver disease |
| Larkspur | general nonspecific signs (salivation, bloat, muscle fasciculation, collapse, staggering, and death) |
| Gossypol (from cottonseed) | cardiotoxicity (repro effects = male sterility; female dec. fertility; calf death. |
| Cyanide | bright red blood; impairs oxidative transport (cell respiration) |
| Nitrate | brown blood |
| Acetominophen (CATS) | oxidative damage; heinz body anemia; methemoglobinemia (brown blood) |
| Red Maple | oxidative damage; heinz body anemia |
| Oleander | cardiac glycosides (like digoxin); 2 to 3 leaves to kill adult horse or cow; hyperkalemia (inhibit Na/K ATPase); HE, pale, fibrotic myocardium; Tx: GI decomtamination |
| Rhododendrom | Cardiotoxic |
| White snakeroot | Cardiotoxic |
| Yew | evergreen trees/shrubs (all parts); cardiotoxic (block Na+) |
| Taxanes | depress depol. throughout the heart; neuro, bradycardia, acute death |
| Ionophores | Cardiotoxic (necrosis) |
| Foxglove/Lily of the Valley | Cardiotoxic; similar to Oleander |
| Bracken fern | Neurotoxic |
| Sorghum | Neurotoxic (myelomalacia); urine dribbling |
| Blue green algae | Neurotoxic |
| Locoweeds (vetch) (Equine) | Neurotoxic, motor & sensory nerve damage resulting in peculiarities of gait, impairment of vision, extreme excitement, emaciation, and ultimately paralysis and death if not controlled; Cattle = repro problems: angular deformities, cleft palate |
| Yellow star thistle | Neurotoxic |
| Water hemlock | Neurotoxic |
| Skunk cabbage | Neurotoxic |
| Brassica | Pulmonary toxicity |
| Aflatoxins | Hepatotoxic, asperigillus/penicillin species; decreased production, hepatic necrosis; passed in milk and meat; carcinogenic in humans (stomach/liver) |
| Pyrrolizidine alkaloids | Hepatotoxic (inhibit hepatocyte growth leading to fibrosis); ex. senecio vulgaris, fiddleneck; slow hepatic degeneration |
| Lantana | Hepatotoxic, photosensitivity (secondary) |
| Cantharidin (made by Blister Beetle) | endotoxic shock and renal failure; colic, fever, hypersalivation, depression, frequent urination, and hematuria; neurologic signs, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia; commonly found in alfalfa |
| Monensin (Equine) | cardiotoxicity, myocardial necrosis (DCM) |
| Veratrum californicum | (false hellebore or corn plant) cyclopamine (teratogen); cyclopia, anophthalmos, cleft palate, and metacarpal hypoplasia if ingested by a pregnant ewe |
| Veratrum viridae (skunk cabbage) | same lesions as Veratrum californicum=cyclopia, anophthalmos, cleft palate, and metacarpal hypoplasia if ingested by a pregnant ewe |
| Astragalus and oxytropis (locoweeds) | abortions, weak lambs, or bent legs |
| Fescue | prolonged gestation and/or decreased milk production (agalactia); lameness, sloughing of rear hooves, decreased weight gain, decreased milk production, and fat necrosis |
| Black locust (Grass awn)(Equine) | colic (stop eating from pain); embed in gums and gingiva |
| Oak | diarrhea, abdominal pain |
| Black Walnut | laminitis |
| Zearalenone | hyperestrogenemia, pseudopregnancy; estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium species; boars = dec. libido |
| Nitrate | Treat with methylene blue (1% soln) |
| Jimsonweed (scopolamine): CS | atropine-like alkaloid; depression, convulsions, respiratory failure, incoordination, mydriasis, and constipation |
| Jimsonweed (scopolamine): Tx | Physotigmine, activated charcoal, laxatives, diazepam (control convulsions) |
| Strychnine (CS) | begin suddenly and progress from anxiety to tetanic convulsions spontaneously or in response to stimuli; affects all striated muscles |
| Strychnine (Tx) | no specific antidote; convulsions can be controlled with anesthetic drugs and/or methocarbamol |
| Aphanizomenon | Hepatotoxic |
| Anabaena | Hepatotoxic |
| Microcystis | Hepatotoxic |
| Milkweed | cardiac glycoside which can cause acute clinical signs and death |
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