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History Test 11/19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Labor after the Civil War | Companies started to take control of their workers. They gave then unfair working conditions, had them working long hours, paid them very low wages. Many workers started to go on strike and joined unions demanding better working conditions. |
| The effects of trusts | Trusts, or monopoly's, is when companies do not allow other companies to sell what they have. Exclusive control by one company. |
| Closed Shop | An arrangement where the company will only hire workers whom are members of a good standing or a specified labor union. This was a way to help protect certain labor unions. This soon became illegal under the Taft-Hartley Act, some still did this though. |
| Yellow-dog contract | A contract that an employee had to sign that stated they will not join a union. If they do not sign the contract, they will not get the job. If they sign it and then break it, they will be fired and put onto a blacklist. |
| Gospel of Wealth | An essay written by Andrew Carnegie to show how the upper class should be more charitable, or how they should spend their money. |
| Historians perspective of capitalism | The system had created the class status (upper, middle and lower). The was a free economy. The companies got to choose what they did with their money and the gov. did not get involved. The corporations were in charge during this time. |
| Cleveland and the Pullman strike | Had sent federal troops in to end this strike. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Scottish-American industrialist. He created the Keystone Bridge Company, one of his many steel businesses. In 1901, his steel company was worth almost $400 million. He wrote the gospel of wealth. Henry Frick employed to end homestead strike. |
| J.P. Morgan | a wealthy industrialist who emerged from the 19th century as one of the most powerful financiers of the 20th century -- he formed U.S. Steel, America's first billion-dollar corporation, in 1901. He got his start in business in the late 1850s. |
| James Duke | Took advantage of the growing tobacco business and formed the American Tobacco Company in 1890. |
| What were American attitudes toward collective bargaining? | Workers that do not get paid much would really like this action because their get to choose their wages. Others may say though that this will run companies into the group because they will ask for too much. |
| Elkins Act | 1903 under Roosevelt. Reduced rebates used by railroads and gave Interstate Commerce Commission more power to regulate railroads |
| Hepburn Act | 1906 under Roosevelt.Advanced Elkins act to regulate railroads and expanded ICC's power. |
| Vertical integration | ype of management control where companies in the supply chain have a common owner. Each level of the chain supplies a different service or product. The levels and parts combine to create the final product. |
| Horizontal integration | a type of ownership and control used by businesses to sell a product in multiple markets. This happens when a company merges with a company in the same industry. |
| Homestead strike | employee strike against the Carnegie Steel Company to protest salary reductions. Henry Frick hired the Pinkerton Agency to protect the factory. fighting began, several died, PA militia sent to restore order. |
| Pullman Strike | a strike that started in the town of Pullman, Illinois. Employees went on strike to protest pay cuts in the Pullman Palace Car Company. It was a huge conflict between the labor unions and the railroads, and workers in over 25 states were involved. |
| Knights of labor | a labor reform group that pushed for the eight-hour day and rejected Socialism. allowed anyone to join |
| Anarchism | a political theory favoring the abolition of governments |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit |
| Social Darwinism | theory based on Charles Darwin's research applied to society. says that wealth and prosperity us based on survival of the fittest. Famous philosophers such Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner supported the theory. showed differences 4social classes |
| Dollar Diplomacy | 1921 under Taft, Foreign policy that brought labor overseas, specifically to China |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | 1911 fire in a large building. Over 100 young women died. Showed ineffectiveness of safety regulations, since there was no fire exit. |
| Federal Reserve Act | 1913 under Wilson. Passed to prevent economic depression. It set interest rates and money standards. |
| Woodrow Wilson | President after Taft. Attacked the Triple Wall of Privilege and passed many labor reform acts |
| Eugene Debs | Prominent socialist leader (and five time presidential candidate) who founded the American Railroad Union and led the 1894 Pullman Strike |
| Underwood Tariff Bill 1913 | 1913 under WIlson. It created a graduated income tax, targeting the wealthy. |
| Samuel Gompers | The first leader of AFL. Under leadership, AFL expanded to be the largest labor organization. Supported strikes, but preferred to solve things through peacful negotiations. Pushed to stop AFL use of politics. Thought political tension wouldnt get wants. |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 | prohibited rebates and pools required railroads to publish rates forbade discriminatin against shippers and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line |
| Sherman Anti-Trust act 1890 | an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States. Targeted major corporations, especially Rockefeller |
| Industrial workers of the world | Founded in 1905, this radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. |
| Congress of industrial organizations | a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955 |
| Gibbons v.s. Ogden | Supreme Court decision that ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed. |
| Trusts | Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | Believed in talented tenth, that skilled blacks would rise to empower their race and lead the way to equality. |
| Edward Bellamy | An author and a socialist. He is most famous for his novel Looking Backward, which tells of a socialistic society set in 2000. His work and the book influenced many intellectuals and is referenced in multiple works of Karl Marx. |
| Henry George | He inspired the ideology of Georgism, where everyone owns his or her own property but everything in nature, especially land, belongs to everyone. He condemned inequality and industrialization, and supported state ownership of monopolies.wrote progress&pov |
| William Jennings Bryan | Lawyer, populist leader and politician who advocated free silver |
| "Cross of Gold" | speech given by Bryan which advocated free coinage of silver and inflationary economic policy |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | 1906 under Roosevelt. Prevented mislabeling of food and drugs. |
| Meat Inspection Act | 1906 under Roosevelt. Meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection. |
| Coxey's March on Washington | Demonstration of unemployed men protesting the lack of jobs caused by the Panic of 1893, and demanding that the government create jobs through building roads and other public improvements. |
| Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. |
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