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mcat biology
Biology/ embryo developement
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the early embryonic development characterized by a series of rapid mitotic divisions? | CLEAVAGE |
| Because during cleavage the divisions lead to an increase in cel number, without a growuth in cell protoplasm the cells are now | SMALLER with an increasing ratio of of nuclear to cytoplasmic material |
| Does cleavage increase the surface to volume rateio | YES |
| This is the specialization of cells that occurs during developement. | DIFFERENTIATION |
| a morula is | IS A SOLID BALL OF EMBRYONIC CELLS |
| Blastulation | begins when the morula develops a fluid filled cavity called a blastocoel |
| a Hollow sphere of cells is a | BLASTULA |
| This is the mammalian blastula | BLASTOCYST |
| There are _______ parts to a mammalian blastocyst | TWO |
| a The inner cell mass of the blastocyst protrudes into the | blastocoel |
| the trophoblast ______________ the blastocoel | SURROUNDS |
| This gives rise to the chorion | TROPHOBLAST |
| when the blastula implants itself outside of the uterus this is called. | AN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY |
| the embryo implants itself in the uterine wall | DURING BLASTULATION APROX. 5-8 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION. |
| PROGESTERONE | Prepares the uterus for implantation. |
| This follows blastulation | GASTRULATION |
| SINGLE CELL LAYER OF THE BLASTULA DEVELPES INTO A THREE LAYERED STRUCTURED CALLED | A GASTRULA |
| ECTODERM INCLUDES: | INTEGUMENT; epidermis, hair, nails, epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal, the lens of the eye, and nervous system. |
| ENDODERM INCLUDES: | EPITHELIAL LININGS; digestive and respiratory tracts, lungs parts of the liver pancreas thyroid, and bladder |
| MESODERM INCLUDES: | MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, CIRCULATORY, AND EXCRETORY SYSTEM, GONADS, CONNECTIVE TISSUE THROUGHOUT THE BODY, AND PORTIONS OF DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. |
| The influence of a specific group of cells on the differentiation of another group of cells | INDUCTION |
| INDUCERS | chemical substances passed from the organizer to adjacent cells that mediates induction |
| This takes place after gastrulation | NEURULTION |
| NEURULATION | Is the process that takes place at the end of gastrualtion when the germ layers begin to develop into a nervous system |
| The notocord is a | rod of mesodermal cells |
| neural tube consist of | ectoderm |
| This gives rise to the brain and spinal cord of the nervous system | neural tube |
| has an inductive effect on the overlying ectoderm causing it to bend inward and from a groove along the dorsal surface of the embryo | THE NOTOCORD |
| neural folds are formed by | the dorsal ectoderm folding on either side of the groove, they growupward and fuse to form the neural tube. |
| at the tip of each neural fold are the | neural crest cells |
| The neural crest cells give rise to the | components of the peripheral nervous system including sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and schwann cells. |
| Placenta and umbillical cord are outgrowht so the | four extra-embryonic membranes: amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac |
| this is the thin tough memebraine surrounding the amnionic fluid | amnion |
| Chorion | is a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion and is the beginning formation of the placenta |
| this becomes the spongy tissue of the placenta | Chorionic Villi |
| The allantiois develops as an outpocketing of the gut. The blood vessels enlarge and become the | Umbilical vessels |
| Umbilical vessels | connect the fetus to the developing placenta |
| The yolk sac, and along withthe umbilical vessels (allantois) become enveloped by the amnion forming the | umbilical cord. |
| umbillical vessels that develope into the allantois, along with a jelly like matrix make up the | mature umbilical cord |
| This is a place of nutruiton respiration and waste disposal for the fetus. Along with immunological protection by preventing the diffusion of foreign matter | PLACENTA |
| This carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus | UMBILICAL VEIN |
| Blood bypasses the fetal liver via the | DUCTUS VENOSUS |
| the fetal umbilical artery and the adult pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that | CARRY DEOXGENATED BLOOD |
| THE FORAMEN OVALE | the shunt that allows the fetal blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation and enters the left atrium directly from the right atrium, then pumped into the pulmonary artery |
| This shunt directs even more blood away from pulmonary circulation by pumping blood directly from the pulmonary artery to the aorta | DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS |
| Remember gas exchange does not take place at the fetal lungs but at the | PLACENTA |
| Deoxygenated fetal blood is returned to the placenta via the | UMBILLICAL ARTERIES |
| BLUE BABY SYNDROME | when there is a patent ductus arteriosus, and the pulmonary pressure rises over time and esxceeds the systemic pressure, the flow will reverse and go in a right to left direction from the pulmonary artery, through the PDA, to the aorta. Creating a right t |
| proper developmental sequence | morula, blastula,implantation,gastrula,appearance of mesoderm, neurulation, appearance of umbilical cord, elongation of toes and fingers, birth, closing of the ductus venosus |
| this can be found in the maternal blood | HCG, and co2 produced by fetal cells |
| determinate cleavage results in cells whose diferention pathways are clearly defined | These cells are INCAPABLE of individually developing into complete organisms. |
| the appearance of the three germ layers occurs during | GASTRULATION. |
| how does fetal circulation differ from adult circulation | fetal lungs o2 is obtained from maternal blood, which is passed via the placenta to the fetus. fetal pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood to the hearta nd the fetal pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. directed by a system of shun |
Created by:
shannwms
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