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Neuro II Olfact&Visu
Thomadaki Fall 2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Olfactory is part of what system? | Limbic |
| What percent of odors are "noxious"? and "pleasant"? | 80% noxious, 20% pleasant |
| Where is olfactory epithelium located? | high in nasal cavity and around cribiform plate of ethmoid bone. |
| What types of cells compose olfactory epithelium? | Basal cells, Olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells (sustentacular) |
| What are the basal cells in olfactory epithelium? And what do they become? | epithelial stem cells that become new receptor cells? |
| Olfactory receptor cells are ________ cells whose dendrites bind to ______ and _______ axons to form the ______ | bipolar; odorants; unmyelinated; olfactory nerve |
| Olfactory nerves go through the ______ to synapse with ___ & _____ cells in the _________. The bulb fibers travel in the ______ and branch into ___ & _____ | cribiform plate; mitral & tufted; olfactory bulb; olfactory tract; medial & lateral olfactory stria |
| What are the second order neurons? | olfactory bulb |
| Medial olfactory stria reaches the _____ (same/opposite) olfactory bulb through the _________ | opposite; anterior commissure |
| Where does the lateral olfactory stria project to? | Primary olfactory cortex |
| where is the primary olfactory cortex? and what composes it? | anterior portion of parahippocampal gyrus, surrounding the amygdala. Piriform & entorhinal cortex |
| Where does the piriform cortex relay information? | To orbitofrontal olfactory cortex (olfractory association cortex) and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus. |
| Olfaction is the only sense that does what? | reaches cortex directly without synapsing with thalamus |
| To produce taste sense - central axons from ______ cells of CN __ (_____ ganglion), ____ (______ ganglion) and ____ ( ____-____ ganglion) carrying taste from _________, _______ and _______ respectively, synapse onto the _______. | pseudounipolar cells; VII (genicular); IX (inferior); X (inferior-nodose); solitary nucleus |
| Secondary afferents from the _______ tract which ascends through the _____ and synapses with the ___ ____ ____ nucleus | solitary; brainstem; ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus |
| From the thalamus, through the __________, the fibers end in the ______ located in the _____ portion of the _______, _______ & ____ portion of the ________ | posterior limb of internal capsule; primary gustatory cortex; inferior portion of postcentral gyrus, operculum, superior portion of insula. |
| What lobe of brain is olfaction? | temporal |
| Ions associated with sour | H+ ions come in -> inhibits K+ from getting out |
| Ions associated with salty | Na |
| Ions associated with sweet | sucrose, glucose, etc. 2nd messenger system |
| Ions associated with bitter | (1) 2nd messenger systems (causes intracellular Ca+2 to open and spill out NT) (2) blocks K+ channels |
| Ions associated with Umami | Na driven but receptor is opened for glutamate and other AA. Na in -> ca in -> synapse |
| The retina receives the ____ | visual field projection |
| What happens to the image in the retina? | crossed and inverted |
| Optic tracts synapse in the ______ and those fibers form the _____ | lateral geniculate nucleus; optic radiation |
| Optic radiation fibers that correspond to the upper 1/2 of the visual field form the ______ in the ______ lobe and terminate in the _____ gyrus. | loop of meyer; temporal; lingual |
| Optic radiation fibers that correspond to the lower 1/2 of the visual field travel in the ______ lobe and terminated in the ______ | parietal; cuneus |
| Lesion to R CN II optic? | R anopsia |
| Sagittal lesion of optic chiasm | bi-temporal (hemi) anopsia |
| Horizontal lesion of optic chiasm (internal carotid) | L nasal hemianopsia (if cut on L) |
| R optic tract/LGB/ Optic radiation lesion | L homonymous hemianopsia |
| lesion to R optic radiation in parietal lobe | L homonymous lower quadrant anopsia |
| Lesion to R Loop of Meyer | L homonymous upper quad anopsia |
| Lesion to R cuneus | L homonymous lower quad anopsia with sparing of macula |
| Lesion to R lingual gyrus | L homonymous upper quad anopsia w/ sparing of macula |
| What is the pathway for the light reflex? | retina -> optic nerve -> optic tract -> superior brachium -> pretectal nucleus (bilateral) -> edinger-westphal nuclei -> oculomotor nerve -> ciliary ganglion -> short ciliary n -> ciliaris and sphincter pupillae muscles constrict pupil |
| What is the pathway for the accommodation reflex? | Retina>optic n>optic tract>lat geniculate nuc>optic radiation>visual cortex>frontal eye field (area 8)>corticobulbar tract>pretectal nuc (bilateral)>edinger-westphal nuc->oculomotor n>ciliary ganglion>short ciliary n>Ciliaris & sphincter pupillae M |
| Argyle Roberts Pupil | Accommodation reflex present; light reflex absent |
| What are Saccadic movements? | tiny motions eye balls make when looking at an object (outlining the obj) |
| what structures coordinate visual, somatic, and auditory info, adjusting mvts of head to stimulus? | superior colliculus, frontal eye field |
| Superior colliculus receives info about _______ and is concerned with what? | motion in visual field; visual attentiveness and ID of broad outline of objects |
| The frontal eye field receives info from ______ and is concerned with what? | primary visual cortex; fine visual discrimination and saccadic mvts to complex visual stimuli |
| sclera | white tough wall of eye, no very well innervated |
| Conjuntiva | thin lining over sclera and inside of eyelids |
| Cornea | clear continuation of sclera over iris and pupil. highly innervated |
| Iris | composed of muscles which constrict/dilate pupil |
| Macula | part of retina which is MOST SENSITIVE and has the LEAST NUMBER OF VESSELS. Responsible for central vision |
| Fovea | a 2mm pit in macula where all retinal layers are shifted away so that the image is received by the photoreceptors with the least amount of distortion. |
| Pupil | a hole in iris. Size is controlled by iris muscles |
| Optic disk | the blind spot. contains no photoreceptors. passageway of optic nerve & vessels. |
| there are ___ sets of neurons and _____ sets of interneurons in retina | 3; 2 |
| Deepest layer of retina are the _____; in the intermediate layer there are _____ and the superficial there are _____ | photoreceptors; bipolar cells; ganglion cells |
| the axons of ganglion cells make up the ______ | optic nerve |
| Communication between photoreceptors and bipolar cells is controlled by what cells? | horizontal cells |
| Communication between bipolar cells and ganglion is controlled by what cells? | amacrine |
| Characteristics of rods | High sensitivity to light (1000x) single photon detection ability Night vision High photopigment, captures more light Saturate in daylight Low acuity Not present in fovea (found in macula & periph retina) 1 type of photopigment |
| Characteristics of cones | Low sensitivity to light Day vision/color vision Low photopigment Saturate in intense light High acuity Concentrated in fovea 3 types of photopigment (blue, red, green) |
| Characteristics of peripheral retina | High photoreceptor:ganglion ratio /\ rods \/ cones /\ sensitivity to light |
| Characteristics of central retina | \/ cones:ganglion ratio No rods |
| Resting potential of retina in dark? | -40mV |
| _____ is continuously produced in the _______ by enzyme _______ to keep Na channels open (-40mV) | cGMP, photoreceptors, guanylate cyclase |
| Photopigment in the rods is called ____? | rhodopsin |
| what is rhodopsin made of? | retinal (vit A derivative) bound to an opsin |
| What are the cone's opsins? | red, blue, green |
| what theory states that the combo of relative excitation and inhibition of the red, blue, green opsins in cones accounts for color vision? | Young-Helmholtz |
| light bleaches retinal which activates ______, which stimulates a _______, _______, in disc membrane, which activates the effector enzyme _______ to ______ the enzyme ______, which causes __________ so that the photoreceptor membrane ______ to _____mV | opsin; G protein, Transducin, PDE, breakdown, cGMP, Na channels to close, hyperpolarizes, -70 |
| Hyperpolarization of photoreceptor causes the amount of glutamate to increase or decrease? | decrease |
| What happens when light "bleaches" retinal? | switches from cis to trans |
| What occurs during dark adaptation? Requires what? | Pupils dilate, rhodopsin goes back to unbleached state (cis) which needs Ca+2 |
| what is found in the receptive field of bipolar cells? | all photoreceptors bipolar cells synapse with |
| what are the two types of photoreceptors in the receptive field? | centre, surround |
| centre are photoreceptors that _____ synapse with bipolar cell | directly |
| surround are photoreceptors that synapse with _____ that in turn synapse with ____ | horizontal cells, bipolar cell |
Created by:
mrw2013
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