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SS Unit 1 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primary sources | See textbook. |
| Secondary sources | See textbook. |
| Ice Age | During the last Ice Age, glaciers covered large parts of the land. So much water was trapped in glaciers that the ocean level was lower, exposing a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska. |
| Bering Land Bridge Theory | The theory that the first people arrived in North America from Asia during the last Ice Age. Lower ocean levels exposed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that people could cross. |
| Natural resources | Resources from the environment that Native Americans used to meet their needs. Depending on their region, these included forests, animals, fish, fertile soil, and other resources used for food, housing, clothing, and tools. |
| Maya | A civilization that lived in the green rainforests of Mexico and Central America from about 1800 B.C. to A.D. 900. The Maya were skilled farmers and hunters and developed calendars, astronomy, the concept of zero, writing, and pyramid temples. |
| Aztec | A civilization that began in the Valley of Mexico around A.D. 1100 and lasted until 1521. The Aztecs had a strong military empire and were skilled farmers, hunters, builders, and craftsmen. |
| Inca | A civilization that ruled the highlands of South America from about 1400 to 1533. The Inca were expert farmers, raised animals such as guinea pigs, llamas, and alpacas, and were known for architecture and mountain cities such as Machu Picchu. |
| Iroquois | A large Native American group in the Eastern Woodlands of the United States. The Iroquois were made up of tribes including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora. |
| Inuit | Native Americans who lived in the Arctic region. Their environment provided few plants, so they depended on animals for food and other needs. |
| Pueblo | Native Americans of the Desert Southwest who lived in permanent villages. They built homes out of adobe, a mixture of clay and straw dried in the sun, and farmed crops such as corn, beans, and squash. |
| The Three Sisters | Corn, squash, and beans, important crops grown by the Iroquois. |
| The Iroquois Confederacy | The Iroquois League was formed with the help of Hiawatha and Dekanawida around 1600. The tribes united under the Great Law of Peace, which stated their order and rights between the groups. |
| Marco Polo | A Venetian merchant who journeyed to China and wrote The Travels of Marco Polo. His stories of the wonders and riches of Asia inspired a new generation of Europeans to find their own way to the continent. |
| Astrolabe | See textbook. |
| Caravel | See textbook. |
| Christopher Columbus | An explorer who sailed west for Spain in 1492 looking for a route to Asia. Columbus arrived in North America and established a settlement on Hispaniola. |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of goods between the Old World and the New World that began after Columbus and other explorers traveled to the New World. Plants, foods, animals, diseases, weapons, farming methods, and other things were exchanged between the two worlds. |
| "New World" and "Old World" | The New World was the Americas. The Old World was Europe, Africa, and Asia. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | A Portuguese explorer hired by Spain to find a route to Asia by going around South America. Magellan found a narrow sea passage called a strait. Although Magellan died in the Philippines, his crew was the first to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors who traveled to the Americas and established settlements in the New World for Spain. They had guns, cannons, and horses and had immunity to many European diseases. |
| New Spain | The name Spain gave to its new territories in the Americas. Spain formed three types of communities there: pueblos, missions, and presidios. |
| Encomienda | An economic system in which each conquistador was allowed to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans. Native Americans were often forced to work as slaves on plantations and estates. |
| Northwest Passage | An alternate water route through the Americas that Europeans searched for as a direct route to Asia. |
| New Netherland | A Dutch colony created in 1621 by the Dutch West India Company. It included parts of present-day New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Connecticut. |
| How did geography affect the lives of Native Americans? | Native Americans adapted to their environments and used the resources available in their regions. Geography affected their food, housing, clothing, and ways of life. For example, Eastern Woodland tribes used forests and fertile land, while Arctic tribes d |
| Why did Europeans want to explore the world? Think 3Gs. | Gold, God, and Glory. Europeans wanted wealth and riches, wanted to spread Christianity, and wanted fame and achievements. |
| Identify the reason(s) that led to the fall of the Aztec and Incan Empires. | The Aztecs were defeated by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. The Inca civilization fell because of European diseases, internal conflicts, civil wars, and Spanish invasion. |
| How did Spain and Portugal divide up the New World? | The Treaty of Tordesillas created a line dividing newly explored lands between Spain and Portugal. Land east of the line belonged to Portugal, while land west of the line belonged to Spain. |
| What impact did the Age of Exploration have on Native Americans? | European exploration brought major changes for Native Americans. European diseases were brought to the Americas, conquistadors fought and conquered Native American civilizations, and the encomienda system forced Native Americans to provide labor and taxes |
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