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APUSH Period 3 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| French and Indian War | was a North American conflict where Britain, its colonists, and the Iroquois defeated France and its Native allies to win control of Canada and the Ohio Valley, resulting in Britain gaining Canada, India, and Florida. |
| Albany Plan of Union | During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. |
| Treaty of Paris, 1763 | ended the war, stripped France of its lands in Canada and India, and transferred Florida to Britain, while Spain received Louisiana as compensation. |
| Pontiac’s Rebellion | 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. |
| Sugar Act, 1764 | lowered the molasses tax from six to three cents, but introduced strict enforcement measures, created vice-admiralty courts, and banned colonies from trading with non-British Caribbean islands. |
| Stamp Act | mandated that all official colonial documents be printed on special taxed British paper, sparking widespread riots and mob burnings. Due to this intense colonial resistance and a painful boycott of British goods, repealed the unpopular act in 1766. |
| Stamp Act Congress, 1765 | 27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies. |
| Sons of Liberty | a radical group formed in 1765 that rioted and burned British customs houses to protest the Stamp Act. Led by men like Samuel Adams and Paul Revere, they later created network committees to keep opposing British rule. |
| Declaratory Act, 1766 | Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures. |
| Quartering Act | March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. |
| Townshend Acts | taxed imported colonial goods like paper, lead, tea, and paint to raise British revenue. In response, outraged colonists launched another major boycott to stop importing British goods entirely. |
| Boston Massacre | happened when angry colonists, resentful of British soldiers taking local jobs, threw rocks and snowballs at troops. Panicked soldiers fired into the crowd, killing several colonists and fueling intense anti-British hatred. |
| Tea Act, East India Company | The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea, and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound. |
| Boston Tea Party | colonists boycotted British ships refusing to leave Boston Harbor with taxed tea. Fearing the governor would secretly unload the cargo for personal profit, disguised colonists boarded the ships on December 16 and threw the tea overboard. |
| Coercive Acts / Intolerable Acts | punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party by closing Boston Harbor, replacing its elected assembly with royal appointees, forcing colonists to house British soldiers, and protecting royal officials from local criminal trials. |
| Lexington and Concord | started the Revolutionary War when British troops marched to seize hidden weapons and arrest rebel leaders. Warned ahead of time by Paul Revere, colonial militias fought the British at both towns and ambushed them on their retreat back to Boston. |
| Second Continental Congress | It met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence, which justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain. |
| Olive Branch Petition | In July 1775, the colonies offered a final peace petition, promising loyalty if Britain removed unfair taxes and laws. Parliament rejected the proposal entirely and retaliated in December by passing a law that banned all trade with the American colonies. |
| Thomas Paine: Common Sense | A British citizen, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution. |
| Declaration of Independence | The Declaration of Independence was signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4. It dissolved the colonies’ ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation. |
| Battle of Saratoga | Colonial victory that led to French alliance; turning point of American Revolution |
| Treaty of Paris, 1783 | This agreement ended the Revolutionary War and forced Great Britain to recognize American independence. It also gave the new United States all land from Canada to Florida, stretching west to the Mississippi River. |
| Republican motherhood | Women gained a small status increase for their efforts in the war, but they were primarily valued as mothers of future patriots. |
| Articles of Confederation | kept the federal government too weak to unite the country because individual states held the power to tax and draft troops. Its only major success was organizing western lands before it was completely abandoned and replaced by the Constitution. |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S. |
| Northwest Ordinance, 1787 | This law split the Northwest territory into three to five states, banned slavery there, and required a 60,000 population for statehood. It was the only major success of the Articles of Confederation. |
| Great Compromise | Larger states wanted representation based on population, while smaller states wanted equal representation for every state. They compromised by creating the House and Senate, using both plans. |
| 3/5 Compromise | The South’s slave trade was guaranteed for at least 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution. Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state population. |
| Antifederalists | They opposed ratification because it weakened states and lacked a bill of rights. Their pressure successfully forced the creation of the Bill of Rights, after which they re branded as the Democratic-Republican party. |
| The Federalist Papers | This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. |
| Judiciary Act, 1789 | Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges. |
| Hamilton’s Economic Plan | Alexander Hamilton's plan stabilized the economy and built international credit by creating a National Bank, raising tariffs, and taxing whiskey. It also unified the nation by having the federal government assume all state war debts. |
| Excise taxes | Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton’s program. |
| Implied powers vs elastic clause/necessary and proper clause | This clause grants Congress "implied" powers to make any laws needed to run the government. It is debated and called the "elastic" clause because it can stretch to include almost any power Congress wants to claim. |
| Loose vs strict interpretation of the Constitution | Loose interpretation lets the government do anything not explicitly banned. Strict interpretation bans the government from doing anything not explicitly allowed. Both views heavily clash over the meaning of the elastic clause. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers violently rebelled against a federal whiskey tax, killing several officers. President Washington led an army to crush the uprising, proving the new government could handle crises swiftly, unlike during Shays' Rebellion. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | These four 1798 laws increased the citizenship waiting period to 14 years, authorized the arrest and deportation of dangerous or wartime immigrants, and banned defamatory statements about the government to silence political rivals. |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. |
| Election of 1800 | This election ended in a tie between candidates of the same party, leaving the House of Representatives to choose the winner after multiple ballots. It directly led to the 12th Amendment, creating the joint presidential ticket. |
| Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson’s election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution." |
| XYZ Affair | In 1797, American delegates trying to repair ties with France were blocked by three agents demanding huge bribes. The U.S. refused to pay, sparking a major diplomatic scandal named after the letters hiding their names. |
| shays rebellion | In the winter of 1786–1787, poor Massachusetts landowners blocked courts to stop debt foreclosures. The federal government was too weak to help, proving the Articles of Confederation were failing. |
| Neutrality Proclamation | This 1793 declaration stated the U.S. would stay neutral during the war between France and European nations like Britain. Though it kept America out of the conflict, it technically broke the 1778 alliance treaty with France. |
Created by:
Sara Hill
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