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The R&S of Islam

The Rise and Spread of Islam Test Review Flash cards

TermDefinition
Who was Muhammad and why was he important? He was the Prophet of Islam who received the Quran and spread Islam.
Who was Khadija and what was her connection to Muhammad? She was Muhammad’s first wife, first follower, and supporter of his mission.
What were Abu Bakr’s chief successes as caliph? He reunited Arabia and began expanding the Muslim state.
Who was Ali and why did his role matter later? He was Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law. His followers became the Shia branch.
Who was Hussein and why did his struggle matter? He was Ali’s son who died at Karbala. His death became important to Shia identity.
What did Mu'awiyah establish? He established the Umayyad dynasty and made the caliphate hereditary.
What dynasty did Abu al-Abbas establish? The Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the Umayyads.
What city did Al-Mansur develop, and why was it important? He developed Baghdad, which became a major center of trade, government, and learning.
What field did Ibn-Rushd contribute to, and what did he write? He contributed to philosophy and medicine and wrote commentaries on Aristotle.
What was Al-Razi’s contribution to medicine? He advanced medicine and wrote important medical works, including The Comprehensive Book.
What was Ibn Sina’s contribution to medicine/science? He wrote The Canon of Medicine, an influential medical encyclopedia.
Allah The Arabic word for God in Islam.
Mecca / Makkah The holy city where Muhammad was born and the Kaaba is located. An important trading and religious city.
Medina / Madinah The city Muhammad migrated to and where the first Muslim community grew. It became the center of the first Muslim community.
Qur’an The sacred text of Islam, believed to be God’s word.
Muslim A person who follows Islam.
Mosque A place where Muslims worship and pray.
Hajj The required pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims make if able.
Five Pillars of Islam Five core duties: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.
Shari’ah Islamic law and guidance for how Muslims should live.
Hadith Recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of Muhammad.
Caliph A political and religious leader of the Muslim community.
Caliphate An Islamic government led by a caliph.
Sheikh A respected Muslim leader, elder, or scholar.
Hijrah Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE.
Jihad Striving to live according to God’s guidance; it can mean an inner struggle.
People of the Book A term for Jews and Christians who follow earlier revealed scriptures.
Sunni The largest branch of Islam; leadership should follow the community’s choice.
Shia A branch of Islam that believes leadership should stay within Muhammad’s family.
Vizier A high-ranking government adviser or minister. They help run the government.
Sultan A Muslim ruler or monarch. They have power and make decisions.
Bazaar A traditional marketplace where goods are bought and sold.
Bedouin Nomadic Arab people who traditionally lived in desert regions.
Ka'aba The cube-shaped sacred structure in Mecca toward which Muslims pray.
Dowry A required gift or payment given by the groom’s family for marriage.
Astrolabe An instrument used to measure the positions of stars and help with navigation.
Arabesques Decorative Islamic designs using repeating plants, leaves, and geometric patterns.
Minaret A tall tower of a mosque, traditionally used for the call to prayer.
Muezzin The person who gives the call to prayer.
Arabia Before Islam Arabia was mostly desert, with nomadic Bedouins and trading cities. People practiced several religions, including polytheism, Judaism, and Christianity.
Hijrah (622) Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina. It was a major turning point and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
Return to Mecca (630) Muhammad and his followers returned to Mecca and took control of the city. The Kaaba was made a center of Islamic worship.
Muhammad’s Death (632) Muhammad died without naming a clear successor, creating a disagreement over who should lead the Muslim community.
Battle of Yarmuk (636) Muslim forces defeated the Byzantine army. This helped the early Arab empire expand into Syria and surrounding areas.
Battle of Tours (732) Muslim forces were defeated by the Franks in Europe. It stopped further Muslim expansion into Western Europe.
Umayyad Dynasty The first major Islamic dynasty. Its capital was Damascus, and it expanded the Muslim empire across North Africa, Spain, and parts of Asia.
Abbasid Dynasty A dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads. Its capital was Baghdad, and it became known for learning, science, culture, and trade.
Baghdad The capital of the Abbasid Dynasty and a major center of politics, trade, science, medicine, and learning.
Abbasid Decline The Abbasids weakened because of political conflicts, financial problems, military struggles, and the loss of control over distant regions.
How did Islamic scholars preserve and spread knowledge? They translated, copied, and studied Greek, Persian, and Indian works, spreading ideas through schools and books.
What did the Arabic world look like before Islam? It was mostly dry desert with oases, trading cities, and nomadic Bedouin groups.
What similarities did the Abrahamic religions share? Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all believe in one God and share important prophets and teachings.
What differences existed among the Abrahamic religions? They differ in beliefs about prophets, Jesus, religious laws, and sacred texts.
What was Abu Bakr’s chief success as caliph? He united Arabia after Muhammad’s death and strengthened the Muslim community.
How did the Caliphate become a dynasty? The Umayyads made leadership hereditary, passing power within their family.
What threatened the Umayyad dynasty? Rebellions, leadership disagreements, and opposition from groups such as the Shia.
How did the Abbasids differ from the Umayyads? The Abbasids were more inclusive of non-Arab Muslims and moved the capital to Baghdad.
How did the prosperous Abbasid dynasty become politically divided? Regional leaders gained power and became increasingly independent.
How did Islam influence Middle Eastern social structure? Islam shaped social classes, laws, family life, and expectations for men and women
What were two contributions of Islamic scholars and artists? Scholars advanced science, math, and medicine; artists developed architecture and decorative art.
Which Muslim innovations are still used today? Algebra, medical knowledge, and advances in navigation.
What do Christians, Jews, and Muslims have in common? They are monotheistic religions with shared prophets and similar moral teachings.
How do Christians, Jews, and Muslims differ? They have different beliefs about prophets, Jesus, scripture, and religious laws.
How did Islamic teachings create unity among Muslims? Shared beliefs, practices, laws, and the Five Pillars united Muslims.
How did Islamic law affect attitudes toward Christians and Jews? They could practice their religions but had to follow certain rules under Muslim rule.
What do Sunni and Shia Muslims have in common? Both believe in Allah, the Qur’an, Muhammad, and the Five Pillars.
What is the main difference between Sunni and Shia beliefs? Sunnis accepted community-selected leaders; Shia believed leadership belonged to Muhammad’s family.
How did trade help Islam and Islamic culture spread? Muslim merchants traveled widely, spreading Islam, language, ideas, and culture.
What is the first Pillar? Shahada
What is Shahada? The declaration of faith in one God, Allah, and Muhammad as His messenger.
What is the second Pillar? Salah
What is Salah? Praying five times a day to worship Allah and show devotion.
What is the third Pillar? Zakat
What is Zakat? Giving charity to help people in need and support the Muslim community.
What is the fourth Pillar? Sawm
What is Sawm? Fasting from dawn to sunset during Ramadan to practice self-control and devotion.
What is the fifth Pillar? Hajj
What is Hajj? Traveling to Mecca for pilgrimage at least once if physically and financially able.
How did translation and study of Greek works help preserve and develop knowledge? Muslim scholars translated Greek works into Arabic, preserving ancient knowledge and building on it.
What did Muslim scholars learn from Indian mathematics? They learned the Indian numerical system, including zero, and developed algebra.
What is algebra? A branch of mathematics that uses symbols and equations to solve problems.
What is the Indian numerical system? A number system using digits 0–9 that became widely used through Islamic scholars.
What is an astrolabe? An instrument used to study the stars and help with navigation.
How did Muslims contribute to astronomy and navigation? They studied the stars, built observatories, and improved tools like the astrolabe.
Why were observatories important? They allowed scholars to study and record the movements of stars and planets.
Who were Al-Razi and Ibn Sina? They were important Islamic scholars who made major contributions to medicine.
What did Al-Razi contribute to medicine? He wrote about diseases, treatments, and medical practices. Small pox and measles guy
What did Ibn Sina contribute to medicine? He wrote important medical works that influenced medicine for centuries.
What is the Qur’an? The sacred text of Islam and an important work of Arabic literature.
Who was Omar Khayyam? A famous Muslim poet, mathematician, and scholar.
What is the significance of One Thousand and One Nights? It is a famous collection of stories that became an important part of world literature.
What are Arabesques? Decorative designs using repeating plants, leaves, geometric patterns, and flowing lines.
What is the Alhambra? A famous Islamic palace and fortress known for its beautiful architecture and decoration.
What is a mosque? A place of worship where Muslims gather to pray.
What is Córdoba known for? It was an important center of Islamic culture, learning, and architecture in Spain.
What is Samarra known for? It was an important Abbasid city known for its Islamic architecture.
How did Islamic art and architecture show Islamic culture? Artists used geometric patterns, arabesques, calligraphy, and beautiful mosque designs.
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