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AP GOV Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary System | A system of government in which the legislature has combined lawmaking and executive functions with the power to select and remove a prime minister |
| Semi-Presidential system | A legislative-executive system that features a prime minister approved by the legislature and a directly elected president |
| Majles | The Iranian parliament, from the Arabic term for "assembly." |
| Guardian Council | Appointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation |
| Chamber of Deputies | The lower house of Mexico's legislature. |
| Duma | Russian Lower House of Parliament |
| Federation Council of Russia | The upper house of the parliament of Russia. |
| House of Commons | England's lower house in Parliament. |
| Expediency Council | Appointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes |
| Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |
| Patron-Clientism | a system in which the state provides specific benefits or favors to a single person or small group in return for support. |
| Fixed-term election system | in which elections for public officials take place on a regularly announced established date |
| Executive Bureaucracy | the system of governmental agencies that implement executive regulations and laws written by the legislature |
| Executive Cabinet | top governmental officials in charge of formulating, implementing, and enforcing policy through different methods and bureaucratic agencies |
| Commander in Chief | top governmental official in charge of decisions pertaining to the military |
| Civil Service | The civil service is nonpartisan and its employees are hired and promoted based on merit rather than patronage. They implement laws and governmental regulations. |
| Unicameral | A single-chamber legislature |
| Bicameral | Two house legislature |
| Parliamentary hybrid | term that describes Russia's semi-presidential system in which a directly elected president appoints the prime minister of the national legislature's lower chamber |
| collective responsibility | Tradition that requires all members of the cabinet either to support government policy or to resign |
| Federal character principle | Nigerian quota system designed to ease ethnic tension by requiring the president to appoint ministers and civil servants from each Nigerian state |
| Westminster System | The British system of parliament |
| Federal Security Service | Russia police force. |
| Assembly of experts | Group that nominates and can remove the Supreme Leader in Iran. The assembly is elected by the general electorate, but almost all its members are clerics. |
| Sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life |
| Supreme Leader | Iran's most powerful political figure, who has the authority to overrule or dismiss the president, appoints members of the Guardian Council, |
| Majoritarian | Term describing the virtually unchecked power of a parliamentary majority in the UK political system |
| Kremlin | a fortress in the heart of Moscow that has historically been the seat of state power |
| Life Peers | In the UK, distinguished members of society who are given lifetime appointments to the House of Lords |
| Law Lords | 5 people included in the House of Lords who, until 2009, served as Britain's highest court of appeals but they could never rule acts of Parliament unconstitutional |
| Hereditary Peers | Seats in the House of Lords that were granted to aristocratic families in perpetuity but were largely eliminated by recent legislation |
| National People's Congress | China's unicameral legislative branch |
| Senate | The upper house of the Mexican National Congress & Nigerian National Assembly |
| House of Representatives | Lower House of the Nigerian National Assembly |
| Civil Rights | Individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime |
| Civil Liberties | Individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime |
| Rule of Law | A system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, no matter their power or authority |
| Constitutional Court | At the top of the Russian legal structure, it has 19 members who are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Federation Council. |
| Iranian Chief Justice | At the top of the Judiciary. Is qualified in understanding of Sharia. Appointed by Supreme Leader for 5 year term. |
| Mexican National Supreme Court of Justice | The 11 Supreme Court justices are appointed by the president and are confirmed by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. These justices are limited to 15-year terms. |
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