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jChapter 9 HASS
Also I was bitten by mice due to my poor hygiene.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Different Australian landscapes | Mountains, deserts, rainforests, grasslands, karst landscapes, riverines, coastal landscapes, human landscapes and polar regions |
| Why do landscapes change | Natural processes such as tectonic up,ift, erosion, deposition and weathering |
| Tectonic uplift | The rising of the Earth's surface caused by the movement of giant rock plates |
| Erosion | The wearing away and physical movement of soil and rock by natural forces and human activity |
| Weathering | The breaking down of bare rock |
| Coastal erosion is mostly caused by... | Wave action |
| The size of the wave depends on... | Wind strength and the distance it travels (fetch) |
| Fetch | A distance over which the wind blows across the surface of water. A long fetch results in larger, more powerful waves, whereas a short fetch results in smaller waves. |
| Destructive wave | A large, powerful storm wave that has a strong backwash |
| Constructive wave | A wave that deposits sand on the beach |
| Swash | The movement of water in a wave as it breaks onto a beach |
| Backwash | The movement of water from a broken wave as it runs down a beach, returning to the ocean |
| If the swash is more powerful than the backwash, | The waves are constructive and depositional landforms will be present |
| If the backwash is more powerful than the swash, | The waves will be destructive and erosion will be evident |
| Prevailing winds | Main direction of the wind |
| Longshore drift | When material is moved along a beach in the same direction as the prevailing wind. Creates spits and sandbars. |
| Tombolo | A landform created when a sand spit joins one island to another or the mainland |
| Cuspate spit | A pointed landform made of sand or gravel that forms when waves hit the shore from two directions |
| Key processes rivers use to sculpt landscapes | Erosion, transportation and deposition |
| Perennial | Describes a stream that flows all year |
| Intermittent | Describes a stream that does not always flow |
| Groundwater | Water stored underground in spaces between rocks and soil. Essential for keeping rivers flowing in dry months and preventing them from running dry. |
| Parts of Earth related to the formation of river landscapes | Lithosphere (rocks and soil), hydrosphere (water), biosphere (plants and animals) and the atmosphere (temperature and water cycle) |
| Mouth | End of the river where water pours into a body of water |
| Source | Start of river, higher altitude than mouth |
| Downstream | Nearer the mouth of a river, or gonig in the same direction as the current |
| Three main sections of a river | Upper, middle, lower course |
| Drainage basin | An area of land that feeds a river with water, or the whole area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries |
| Watershed | An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, determines the direction of river flow |
| Common features in the upper course | Waterfalls, plunge pools and rapids. In the upper course, water flows rapidly from higher to lower elevations, increasing its erosive power, |
| Meanders | A winding curve or bend in a river |
| Oxbow lake/billabong | A U-shaped body of water created when a wide meander is cut off from the main channel of a river after it changes its course |
| Floodplain | An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding |
| As a river enters the lower course, | It slows down, splitting into smaller streams called distributaries |
| River delta | A landform created by the deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. Main shapes include fan shape, arrow shape and bird-foot shape. |
| Any remaining sediment carried by the river is deposited in an area called the... | Delta |
| Estuary | The wide part of a river at the place where it joins the sea |
| Rocks that make up the karst landscape are composed of | Limestone and dolomite, which are both carbonate rocks. They are highly susceptible to a form of chemical weathering known as oxidation. |
| Oxidation | A chemical reaction that causes rocks to break down due to the presence of water, oxygen or acid |
| Karst | A network of caves and channels created by an underground network of rivers. Forms over hundreds of thousands of years as water dissolves bedrock. |
| Stalactites Stalagmites | Made from minerals left by dripping water |
| How are karst landscapes formed? | Slightly acidic water percolates into the ground. Acidic water can dissolve soluble bedrock such as limestone or dolomite, creating cracks and fissures that allow more water to penetrate the rocks. |
| What happens when water reaches insoluble rock? | It erodes sideways, forming underground rivers or streams. Over time, water creates hollows that eventually develop into caves. |
| For AATSIP, the land represents... | Belonging and harmony. They nurture and work with the land rather than exploit it for immediate benefits. |
| Aboriginal people believed that... | During the dreaming, ancestral beings shaped the land |
| Pangaea | The name given to all the landmass of the Earth before it split into the modern-day continents |
| Subduction | When two plates converge, one will be forced under the other and into the mantle. The other will be pushed up, forming mountains. |
| Tectonic plates | Sections of the lithosphere that move about on the Earth's surface. |
| Earthquake | Sudden ground shaking caused by sudden movements at weaknesses called fautls |
| Seismic waves | A wave of energy that travels through the Earth as a result of an earthquake, explosion or volcanic eruption |
| Fault plain | A surface along which the Earth's crust has broken and moved during an earthquake |
| Focus | The point where the sudden movement of an earthquake begins |
| Epicentre | The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake. It is crucial in determining the magnitude of an earthquake. Earthquake damage tends to be most intense here. |
| Primary waves | Arrive first, travel horizontally, weakest fastest, |
| Secondary waves | Arrive a few seconds after P-waves |
| Surface waves | Strongest, slowest |
| The Richter scale | Measures the energy released by an earthquake using a seismograph |
| The Mercalli scale | Measures the amount of damage caused by an earthquake using observations. This scale depends on human factors such as the strength of buildings and population density. |
| The moment magnitude scale | Measures the total amount of energy released during an earthquake and is more accurate |
| Tsunami | A large ocean wave triggered by the movement of plates underneath the ocean. These movements of plates include earthquakes, landslides and volcanoes. 90% of tsunamis occur around the Pacific ocean. |
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